A nurse is evaluating a client's laboratory results. The nurse should recognize that an increase in the client's prostate-specific antigen (PSA) laboratory value is indicative of which of the following diagnoses?

Choice A reason: Including foods high in fiber can be beneficial for overall digestive health, but it is not specifically targeted to managing biliary colic from chronic cholecystitis. The key dietary focus for these patients is to manage fat intake rather than fiber.
Choice B reason: Including foods high in starch and proteins does not directly address the dietary needs for managing biliary colic. While proteins and starches are part of a balanced diet, the critical factor for these patients is fat consumption.
Choice C reason: Avoiding foods high in sodium is generally good advice for cardiovascular health and can help reduce the risk of hypertension, but it is not specifically related to managing biliary colic.
Choice D reason: Avoiding foods high in fat is crucial for patients with chronic cholecystitis. High-fat foods can trigger biliary colic by stimulating the gallbladder to release bile, which can be painful when the bile ducts are inflamed or obstructed.

Choice A reason: Informed consent must be obtained by the physician before the procedure to ensure the patient understands the risks, benefits, and alternatives.
Choice B reason: Obtaining coagulation studies is essential to assess the patient's bleeding risk before a biopsy, which involves puncturing tissue and can cause bleeding.
Choice C reason: Administering diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is not typically required for a kidney biopsy. Pre-medications may be prescribed based on individual patient needs, but it is not a standard practice.
Choice D reason: A urine specimen is necessary to check for existing infections or abnormalities before the biopsy is performed.
Choice E reason: Maintaining NPO (nothing by mouth) status prior to the procedure helps reduce the risk of aspiration during sedation or anesthesia.