A nurse is obtaining a health history for a client with chronic pancreatitis. Which of the following indicates the primary cause of the client's condition?

Weight gain

Use of alcohol

Abdominal pain relieved with food or antacids

Exposure to occupational chemicals

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Weight gain is not typically a direct cause of chronic pancreatitis. While obesity can be a risk factor for developing pancreatitis, it is not considered a primary cause.

Choice B reason: The use of alcohol is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis. Long-term alcohol misuse can lead to the development of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for about 70% of cases³.

Choice C reason: Abdominal pain that is relieved with food or antacids is more indicative of conditions like peptic ulcers rather than chronic pancreatitis.

Choice D reason:Exposure to occupational chemicals has not been established as a primary cause of chronic pancreatitis. While certain toxins can affect the pancreas, they are not a common cause of chronic pancreatitis.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Asterixis, also known as "liver flap," is a tremor of the hand when the wrist is extended, often seen in hepatic encephalopathy as a result of altered brain function.

Choice B reason: A change in orientation, including confusion and altered consciousness, is a hallmark of hepatic encephalopathy, reflecting the brain's impaired ability to process information.

Choice C reason: Anorexia may be present in cirrhosis, but it is not a specific indicator of hepatic encephalopathy.

Choice D reason: Ascites is a common complication of cirrhosis due to portal hypertension but is not a direct indicator of hepatic encephalopathy.

Choice E reason: Fetor hepaticus, a musty odor of the breath, is a distinctive symptom of hepatic encephalopathy caused by the presence of mercaptans in the breath as the liver fails to break down sulfur-containing amino acids.

A. Tachycardia B. Rebound tenderness C. Rigid abdomen D. Elevated blood pressure

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

Tachycardia, or a rapid heartbeat, is a common response to the pain and stress associated with stomach perforation. The body’s sympathetic nervous system is activated in response to the pain and the potential shock state due to internal bleeding or infection, leading to an increased heart rate. Tachycardia is also a compensatory mechanism to maintain adequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs in the setting of decreased blood volume. A stomach perforation due to a peptic ulcer is a serious medical condition where an ulcer has led to a hole in the stomach lining. This can lead to the contents of the stomach spilling into the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis, which is an inflammation of the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity).

Choice B: Rebound tenderness

Rebound tenderness is a clinical sign that indicates irritation of the peritoneum. When pressure is applied to the abdomen and then quickly released, the sudden movement of the peritoneal layers against each other produces sharp, rebound pain. This is a classic sign of peritonitis, which can occur with stomach perforation as gastric contents irritate the peritoneum. When assessing a client with a suspected stomach perforation due to a peptic ulcer, a nurse should expect to find signs of tachycardia, rebound tenderness, and a rigid abdomen. These findings are indicative of the body’s response to the acute abdominal condition and peritoneal irritation. It is crucial to recognize these signs promptly as stomach perforation is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

Choice C: Rigid abdomen

A rigid abdomen is indicative of involuntary guarding, a reflex contraction of the abdominal muscles to protect inflamed organs within the abdomen. This rigidity is a sign of peritoneal irritation and is often present in cases of stomach perforation. The rigidity helps to immobilize the area, which may reduce pain but also serves as a clinical indicator of serious intra-abdominal pathology.

Choice D: Elevated blood pressure

Elevated blood pressure is not typically a direct result of stomach perforation. In fact, blood pressure may initially be normal or even low, depending on the body’s response to internal bleeding and the potential development of shock. However, pain and anxiety can cause a transient increase in blood pressure, but it is not a primary diagnostic criterion for stomach perforation.

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A nurse is obtaining a health history for a client with chronic pancreatitis. Which of the following indicates the primary cause of the client's condition?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A client with advanced cirrhosis has been admitted to the medical-surgical unit. The nurse is assessing the client and identifies which of the following findings as indicators of hepatic encephalopathy? (Select all that apply).

Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

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