A nurse is reinforcing teaching about the role of the immune system to a client who has psoriasis. Which of the following explains the immune system dysfunction associated with psoriasis?

A. Activity. Encouraging physical activity is not appropriate for a preschooler experiencing acute pain, as movement may worsen discomfort or delay healing. Rest is often more beneficial in managing pain from an injury.

B. Warm compress. A warm compress can help relieve muscle tension and improve blood flow, reducing pain perception in certain injuries, such as sprains or muscle aches. It is a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention for preschoolers.

C. Opioids. Opioids are not the first-line treatment for mild to moderate acute pain in children due to the risk of side effects such as respiratory depression and dependence. Less potent pain management options should be used first.

D. Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is a safe and effective analgesic for managing mild to moderate pain in children. It helps reduce discomfort and is commonly used for injuries, fevers, and post-procedural pain.

E. Guided imagery. Guided imagery is a distraction technique that can help preschoolers manage pain by shifting focus away from discomfort. Simple visualizations, like imagining a favorite place or a comforting scenario, can be effective.

F. High protein diet. While a high-protein diet supports tissue healing, it does not provide immediate pain relief. Nutritional support is important for recovery but is not a direct intervention for acute pain management.

A. Bullying. Children with chronic illnesses may be at higher risk of bullying due to visible symptoms, medical devices (e.g., insulin pumps, braces), or frequent absences. Bullying can negatively impact their self-esteem and emotional well-being.

B. Absenteeism. Chronic illnesses often require frequent medical appointments, hospitalizations, or rest periods, leading to increased school absences. This can affect academic performance and social integration.

C. Decreased intelligence quotient (IQ) score. While chronic illness can affect cognitive function in some cases (e.g., severe epilepsy, untreated hypothyroidism), most children with chronic illnesses do not inherently have lower IQ scores. Learning difficulties are more often linked to fatigue, medication side effects, or missed instruction time rather than a direct decrease in intelligence.

D. Behavioral issues toward other students. While some children may struggle with frustration or emotional distress due to their illness, chronic illness does not inherently cause aggressive behavior toward peers. However, emotional regulation difficulties may arise due to stress or anxiety related to their condition.

E. Mental health concerns. Anxiety, depression, and feelings of isolation are common among children with chronic illnesses. They may struggle with self-identity, fear of medical procedures, and social exclusion, increasing the risk of mental health disorders.