A nurse is reviewing the dietary intake of an infant who is receiving complementary foods and drinks along with breast milk.

Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the mother to limit or avoid to prevent dental caries?

All of these conditions would warrant a referral to specialized care for severe diseases or complications related to nutrition and feeding.

Choice A is wrong because phenylketonuria (PKU) in the infant is a genetic disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.This can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological problems if not treated with a special diet that limits phenylalanine.

Choice B is wrong because gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the mother is a condition where the mother has high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.This can increase the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby, such as preeclampsia, macrosomia, birth injuries, and neonatal hypoglycemia.

Choice C is wrong because cleft lip or palate in the infant is a birth defect where the upper lip or roof of the mouth does not form properly.This can affect the infant’s ability to feed, speak, and breathe, and may require surgery and other interventions.

Breasts are soft without engorgement or leakage.This indicates that lactation suppression has been successful and the woman is not experiencing any discomfort or risk of infection from milk accumulation.

Breasts are firm with mild tenderness or leakage is wrong because it suggests that lactation is still occurring and the woman may need to express some milk for comfort or use other non-pharmacological methods to suppress it.

Breasts are hard with moderate pain or leakage is wrong because it indicates that the woman is suffering from breast engorgement, which can lead to mastitis if not treated.The woman may need pharmacological intervention to suppress lactation and relieve pain.

Breasts are swollen with severe pain or leakage is wrong because it shows that the woman has developed mastitis, which is a bacterial infection of the breast tissue that requires antibiotics and analgesics.The woman may also need to drain the infected breast by expressing milk or using a pump.

Normal ranges for lactation suppression vary depending on the individual and the method used.Generally, lactation suppression can take from a few days to a few weeks.