A nurse is screening a group of people at a community health event for hypertension. Which patient will the nurse identify is at risk for hypertension?

A 29-year-old female who reports drinking a glass of wine with dinner.

A 35-year-old male who works 50 hours a week.

A 50-year-old male who reports smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day.

A 30-year-old female with a family history of diabetes mellitus.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. A 29-year-old female who reports drinking a glass of wine with dinner: While excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to hypertension, moderate alcohol intake, such as drinking a glass of wine with dinner, is not typically a significant risk factor for hypertension in the absence of other contributing factors. Therefore, this individual may not be considered at high risk for hypertension solely based on this information.

B. A 35-year-old male who works 50 hours a week: While chronic stress from long work hours can potentially contribute to hypertension, working 50 hours a week alone may not be sufficient to significantly increase the risk of hypertension, especially in the absence of other significant risk factors. Therefore, this individual may not be considered at high risk for hypertension solely based on this information.

C. A 50-year-old male who reports smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day: Smoking is a significant risk factor for hypertension. Nicotine in cigarettes can cause blood vessels to narrow, leading to increased blood pressure. Smoking also damages blood vessel walls, making them more susceptible to plaque buildup and narrowing, further increasing the risk of hypertension. Therefore, this individual is at high risk for hypertension due to their smoking habit.

D. A 30-year-old female with a family history of diabetes mellitus: While a family history of diabetes mellitus may increase the risk of developing hypertension due to shared risk factors such as obesity and unhealthy lifestyle habits, it is not as directly associated with hypertension as smoking. Additionally, the individual's age and family history alone may not be sufficient to determine a significant risk for hypertension without additional information about lifestyle and other risk factors.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Drink purified water: While drinking purified water is important for preventing various waterborne diseases, it is not a preventive measure specifically targeted at hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission. HBV is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or body fluids, such as during unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Drinking purified water does not protect against these modes of HBV transmission.

B. Avoid crowded, enclosed spaces: Avoiding crowded, enclosed spaces may reduce the risk of respiratory infections, but it does not specifically prevent HBV transmission. HBV is not transmitted through the air like respiratory viruses. Instead, it is spread through direct contact with infected blood or body fluids. While avoiding crowded spaces may be a general infection control measure, it is not a targeted preventive measure for HBV.

C. Complete the vaccination series: This is the correct preventive measure for HBV. The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective in preventing HBV infection. It is administered as a series of shots, typically given in three doses over a period of several months. Completing the vaccination series provides long-term immunity against HBV infection and is recommended for all individuals, including travelers to regions where HBV is common. Vaccination not only protects the individual but also contributes to reducing the overall prevalence of HBV in the community.

D. Avoid sharing utensils: While avoiding sharing utensils can reduce the risk of transmitting certain infections, such as colds or flu, it is not specifically aimed at preventing HBV transmission. HBV is primarily transmitted through activities involving exposure to infected blood or body fluids, rather than through sharing utensils. While practicing good hygiene and avoiding behaviors that may result in exposure to blood or body fluids are important preventive measures for HBV, completing the vaccination series is the most effective way to prevent infection.

A. Superficial ulcers in the calves B. Dilatation of superficial veins C. Shiny skin D. Blackened toes E. Dependent rubor

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

A. Superficial ulcers in the calves: Chronic venous insufficiency can lead to poor circulation in the lower legs, causing tissue damage and the development of superficial ulcers, typically located around the ankles or calves.

B. Dilatation of superficial veins: One of the hallmark signs of chronic venous insufficiency is the visible dilatation (enlargement) of superficial veins, often seen as varicose veins, due to the impaired return of blood to the heart.

C. Shiny skin: Chronic venous insufficiency can cause changes in the skin texture, including thinning and a shiny appearance. This occurs due to chronic edema and impaired circulation in the affected area.

D. Blackened toes: Blackened toes are not typically associated with chronic venous insufficiency. This symptom is more commonly seen in conditions such as peripheral artery disease (PAD) or severe ischemia.

E. Dependent rubor: Dependent rubor, characterized by reddish-blue discoloration of the lower extremities when in a dependent position (e.g., hanging off the bed), can occur in chronic venous insufficiency due to impaired venous return and pooling of blood in the lower extremities.

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A nurse is screening a group of people at a community health event for hypertension. Which patient will the nurse identify is at risk for hypertension?

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