A patient has been diagnosed with COPD.
What are two conditions that can lead to this disease?Choose 2 answers

A. Alkalosis and insomnia:

Alkalosis does not trigger sickling; acidosis (low pH) is more harmful. Insomnia alone is not a direct trigger.

B. Reduced stress and warm environmental temperature:

Reduced stress and warmth help prevent crises rather than cause them.

C. Acidosis and dehydration:

Acidosis promotes sickling of RBCs, and dehydration increases blood viscosity, both triggering vaso-occlusive crises.

D. High fat diet and hyperoxia:

A high-fat diet is linked to cardiovascular disease, and hyperoxia (excess oxygen) is not a trigger for sickling.

A. It is the process by which a substance requires energy to pass through a membrane against a concentration gradient:

This describes active transport, not diffusion. Active transport requires ATP to move substances against their gradient.

B. It is the process by which solvent molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one:

This describes osmosis, not diffusion. Osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water.

C. It is the process by which molecules move from high-concentration areas to low-concentration areas:

This correctly defines diffusion - the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient.

D. It is the process by which certain molecules pass through the plasma membrane with the help of carrier proteins:

This describes facilitated diffusion, which still moves substances down their gradient but requires a protein carrier.