A 75-year-old patient presents with dyspnea and coughing for the past two days. The patient's physical exam shows jugular venous distention and pitting edema. The patient is admitted, and the physician orders an echocardiogram, diuretics, and a cardiac diet.

A. Hypertension is always linked to the Y chromosome and environmental factors:

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease, influenced by genetics and environment, but it is not linked specifically to the Y chromosome.

B. Turner's syndrome is a disorder in which a female has a completely or partially missing X chromosome:

Turner's syndrome (45, X) is a chromosomal disorder where females are missing all or part of one X chromosome, leading to various physical and developmental features.

C. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is caused by family history, behavior, and other factors:

While this is true, Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease, not a chromosomal alteration.

D. Y chromosome as hemophilia is associated with the X chromosome:

Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder, not Y-linked. It is passed through the X chromosome, typically affecting males.

A. Gestational thrombocytopenia:

Gestational thrombocytopenia involves low platelet counts during pregnancy. Symptoms: Easy bruising or bleeding- not polydipsia, polyphagia, or poor wound healing. No relationship to elevated blood glucose.

B. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy. Classic signs: polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria. Non-healing wounds and infection risk due to impaired immunity and circulation. A1C of 8.5% clearly indicates poor glycemic control.

C. Gestational hypertension: High blood pressure during pregnancy. Symptoms: Headache, visual changes, swelling, not polydipsia, polyphagia, or infection.

D. Hyperemesis gravidarum: This causes severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy leading to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss, but not high glucose or wound issues.