A patient who is taking morphine for pain asks the nurse how a pain medication can also cause constipation. What does the nurse know about morphine?

It binds to different types of receptors in the body

It can cause constipation in toxic doses

It is selective to receptors that regulate more than one body process

It causes only one type of response, and the constipation is coincidental

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A reason: Morphine, an opioid, binds to mu, kappa, and delta receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. Mu receptors in the gut slow peristalsis, causing constipation, while central receptors relieve pain. This multi-receptor binding explains both therapeutic and side effects, making this the correct choice.

Choice B reason: Constipation from morphine occurs at therapeutic, not just toxic, doses due to mu receptor activation in the gastrointestinal tract, which reduces motility. Toxicity may worsen side effects, but constipation is a common effect at standard doses, making this choice inaccurate for explaining morphine’s mechanism.

Choice C reason: Morphine’s receptors (e.g., mu) regulate multiple processes, but the drug itself isn’t selective to multifunctional receptors. It binds broadly to opioid receptors, causing both analgesia and side effects like constipation. This choice misrepresents morphine’s non-selective binding, making it less accurate than choice A.

Choice D reason: Morphine’s effects, including analgesia and constipation, result from specific receptor binding, not coincidental processes. It activates opioid receptors in the brain for pain relief and in the gut for reduced motility. This choice incorrectly suggests constipation is unrelated to morphine’s pharmacological action, making it incorrect.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Hydrochlorothiazide can treat diabetes insipidus by reducing urine output via sodium reabsorption, but this is a secondary use. Its primary role is in hypertension management, as it lowers blood pressure by decreasing blood volume, making this choice less accurate.

Choice B reason: Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, is primarily used for hypertension by promoting sodium and water excretion, reducing blood volume and vascular resistance. It’s a first-line treatment per guidelines, effectively lowering blood pressure, making this the correct choice for its primary indication.

Choice C reason: Hydrochlorothiazide treats edema in heart failure or renal disease by increasing diuresis, but this is a secondary indication. Its primary use is hypertension, where it reduces blood pressure more consistently across patients, making this choice less accurate than hypertension.

Choice D reason: Hydrochlorothiazide doesn’t protect against postmenopausal osteoporosis. While thiazides reduce urinary calcium loss, they’re not indicated for osteoporosis prevention, unlike bisphosphonates. Their primary role is hypertension management, making this choice incorrect for the drug’s main therapeutic use.

A. Enterochromaffin cells B. Beta cells C. Parietal cells D. Mucus cells E. G cells

Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells release histamine, which stimulates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid via H2 receptors. This increases gastric acid production, critical for digestion, and is a key component in the acid secretion pathway, making this a correct choice for acid-increasing cells.

Choice B reason: Beta cells, located in the pancreas, secrete insulin to regulate glucose, not gastric acid. They have no role in stomach acid production or regulation, which is controlled by gastric cells like parietal or G cells, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Parietal cells directly secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach lumen via the H+/K+-ATPase pump, significantly increasing gastric acidity for digestion. Activated by histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine, they are central to acid production, making this a correct choice for the question.

Choice D reason: Mucus cells secrete protective mucus to shield the stomach lining from acid and pepsin, not acid itself. They reduce damage from acidity but don’t contribute to its production, making this choice incorrect for cells that increase stomach acid.

Choice E reason: G cells secrete gastrin, a hormone that stimulates parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid. Gastrin enhances acid secretion indirectly by activating parietal cells and ECL cells, playing a key role in gastric acid regulation, making this a correct choice.

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A patient who is taking morphine for pain asks the nurse how a pain medication can also cause constipation. What does the nurse know about morphine?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is reviewing the home medication list with the patient. The nurse recognizes that hydrochlorothiazide is used primarily for which condition?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Which of the following cells increase acid in the stomach? (Select all that apply)

Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]

Explanation

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