A woman who has cracked and bleeding nipples is at increased risk for:

Choice A rationale

Denying parents the ability to hold their infant can interfere with bonding. Physiologically stable infants on oxygen benefit from being held, as it supports emotional well-being and parent-infant attachment without compromising oxygen delivery.

Choice B rationale

Holding a physiologically stable infant during gavage feeding fosters bonding, reduces parental anxiety, and stabilizes the infant's physiological parameters, as tactile stimulation aids neurodevelopment without causing stress to the infant's cardiorespiratory system.

Choice C rationale

Handholding alone is insufficient to support bonding and emotional connection. Physiologically stable infants benefit from full body contact during feeding to promote warmth, comfort, and the release of calming hormones like oxytocin.

Choice D rationale

Physiologically stable infants do not experience increased stress during feeding when held. Holding provides comfort and reduces stress, improving the feeding experience and supporting parent-infant bonding and attachment.

Choice A rationale

Surgical intervention is a secondary measure for obstetric hemorrhage and is considered only after initial non-invasive interventions fail to control bleeding, such as fundal massage and uterotonic medications.

Choice B rationale

Fundal massage is the first-line intervention for uterine atony as it stimulates uterine contractions, reducing blood loss by compressing blood vessels at the placental site and promoting hemostasis.

Choice C rationale

Establishing venous access is essential for fluid resuscitation and medication administration but is not the immediate priority compared to fundal massage for controlling active bleeding.

Choice D rationale

Catheterizing the bladder may help assess urinary output and prevent bladder distension, which can impede uterine contraction, but it is not the initial intervention for hemorrhage.