A woman who has cracked and bleeding nipples is at increased risk for:

Choice A rationale

Placing the infant prone increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), particularly for neonates. Supine positioning reduces this risk and is supported by evidence-based guidelines for infant care.

Choice B rationale

Tightly swaddling and dimming lights mimic the in utero environment, reducing overstimulation and promoting self-regulation. This is especially vital for neonates with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), who are sensitive to external stimuli.

Choice C rationale

Providing excessive stimulation can exacerbate stress responses in neonates with NAS. This may manifest as increased crying, irritability, and tachycardia, worsening their fragile physiological state.

Choice D rationale

Feeding half-strength formula is not advised as it may cause inadequate caloric intake and impaired weight gain. Normal feeding practices, with proper intervals, are crucial to supporting healthy growth and development.

Choice A rationale

Visual impairment, including retinopathy of prematurity, results from immature retinal vascularization and oxidative damage caused by prolonged oxygen therapy in premature infants, leading to neovascularization and potential retinal detachment.

Choice B rationale

Sensitivity to touch reflects neurologic immaturity or overstimulation in premature infants but is not directly associated with oxygen therapy. It stems from underdeveloped sensory pathways and an immature central nervous system.

Choice C rationale

Hyperbilirubinemia arises from excessive bilirubin production or impaired hepatic clearance in neonates, unrelated to oxygen therapy. Factors include hemolysis, immature liver enzyme systems, or delayed feeding initiation.

Choice D rationale

Cerebral palsy, a motor disorder due to non-progressive brain injury, can result from perinatal asphyxia or intracranial hemorrhage, but it is not a direct outcome of oxygen therapy in premature infants.