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All of these side effects of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB$) except:

A.

Headache

B.

Dizziness

C.

Constipation

D.

Hypotension

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) Headache:
Headache is a known side effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), such as losartan, valsartan, and olmesartan. These medications can cause headaches due to their vasodilatory effects, which can lead to changes in blood pressure and blood flow. While not everyone will experience this side effect, it is considered relatively common.

B) Dizziness:
Dizziness is another common side effect of ARBs. As ARBs cause vasodilation by blocking the angiotensin II receptors, they can lower blood pressure, leading to dizziness or lightheadedness, especially when standing up quickly. This is particularly noticeable in patients who are elderly or who are on multiple antihypertensive medications.

C) Constipation:
Constipation is not a typical side effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). While some medications, especially calcium channel blockers and certain opioid analgesics, are more commonly associated with constipation, ARBs do not have this effect. ARBs primarily affect the vascular system and the kidneys, and constipation is not generally a side effect.

D) Hypotension:
Hypotension (low blood pressure) is a common side effect of ARBs. Since these medications relax blood vessels and decrease blood pressure by blocking the effects of angiotensin II, they can lead to a drop in blood pressure, particularly in the first few days of treatment or when starting therapy. This can result in symptoms like dizziness or fainting, especially when changing positions (postural hypotension).


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Given:

Volume of fluid: 500 mL

Infusion time: 6 hours

Drop factor: 15 gtt/mL

Formula for mL/hr:

Flow rate (mL/hr) = Volume (mL) / Time (hr)

Step 1: Calculate the flow rate in mL/hr:

Flow rate (mL/hr) = 500 mL / 6 hr

Flow rate (mL/hr) = 83.33 mL/hr

Formula for gtt/min:

Flow rate (gtt/min) = (Volume (mL) / Time (hr)) x Drop factor (gtt/mL) / 60 min/hr

Step 2: Calculate the flow rate in gtt/min:

Flow rate (gtt/min) = (500 mL / 6 hr) x 15 gtt/mL / 60 min/hr

Flow rate (gtt/min) = 83.33 mL/hr x 15 gtt/mL / 60 min/hr

Flow rate (gtt/min) = 1250 gtt/hr / 60 min/hr

Flow rate (gtt/min) = 20.83 gtt/min

Step 3: Round to the nearest whole number:

Flow rate (mL/hr) ≈ 83 mL/hr

Flow rate (gtt/min) ≈ 21 gtt/min

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Naloxone (Narcan):
Naloxone is the antidote for opioid overdose, not for digoxin toxicity. It works by reversing the effects of opioid drugs such as morphine, heroin, and oxycodone by binding to opioid receptors in the brain. While Naloxone is vital in opioid toxicity, it has no effect on the toxicity of digoxin.

B) Digoxin immune FAB (Digibind):
Digoxin immune FAB (Digibind) is the antidote for digoxin toxicity. It works by binding to the digoxin molecules in the bloodstream, thereby inactivating them and preventing them from exerting their toxic effects on the heart. This treatment is critical in cases of severe digoxin toxicity, particularly when the patient exhibits symptoms such as life-threatening arrhythmias, severe bradycardia, or altered mental status.

C) Vitamin K:
Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) toxicity, not digoxin toxicity. It promotes the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver and is used to reverse excessive anticoagulation in cases of bleeding due to warfarin. It has no effect on digoxin toxicity, which requires specific treatment with digoxin immune FAB.

D) Inamrinone (Inocor):
Inamrinone is an inotropic medication used to treat severe heart failure by improving heart contractility. However, it is not used as an antidote for digoxin toxicity. In fact, inamrinone and other inotropic agents may be used cautiously in patients with digoxin toxicity, as they could potentially exacerbate arrhythmias, a known complication of digoxin toxicity.

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