Before marketing a new drug that has been approved for use based on clinical effectiveness and safety, the manufacturer wishes to study the potential new uses for the drug. This is an example of which phase of study?

a) The Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) is a valuable resource but is primarily designed for physicians. It contains drug manufacturer information but may lack nursing-specific details like patient education, nursing interventions, and administration guidelines.

b) A Nurse's Drug Guide/Handbook is the best resource for nurses because it includes essential nursing considerations such as patient education, side effects, contraindications, nursing interventions, and administration tips.

c) A drug package insert provides useful information but is not comprehensive and does not include nursing-specific recommendations. It primarily contains manufacturer-provided details on indications, dosing, and warnings.

d) Drug Facts and Comparisons is a resource primarily used by pharmacists for comparing medications rather than providing nursing-focused drug information.

a) Lung function primarily affects gas exchange and respiratory function but does not significantly influence drug absorption.

b) Kidney function is important for drug excretion rather than absorption. It impacts drug elimination and toxicity risk rather than how well a drug is absorbed.

c) Liver function plays a key role in drug metabolism. Poor liver function can alter drug absorption and metabolism, particularly for orally administered drugs that undergo the first-pass effect.

d) The route of administration directly impacts drug absorption. For example, intravenous (IV) drugs bypass absorption entirely, while oral medications must go through the digestive system before entering circulation.