A patient is taking methadone as part of a heroin withdrawal program. The nurse understands that in this instance methadone is classified as which drug schedule?
C-V
C-II
C-I
C-III
The Correct Answer is B
A. C-V drugs are considered to have the lowest potential for abuse and are typically used for medications like cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams. Methadone is not classified under C-V.
B. Methadone is classified as a C-II (Schedule II) controlled substance because it has a high potential for abuse, but it also has accepted medical uses, such as for opioid withdrawal management.
C. C-I drugs are considered to have no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse (e.g., heroin, LSD). Methadone is not classified as a C-I drug.
D. C-III drugs have a moderate potential for abuse and are generally used for medications like anabolic steroids or some barbiturates, but methadone is not classified under C-III.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
a) Phase I studies focus on assessing the safety, dosing, and side effects of a drug in healthy volunteers, not its clinical effectiveness or potential new uses.
b) Phase II studies evaluate the drug's effectiveness and safety in a small group of patients with the targeted condition but do not focus on potential new uses.
c) Phase III studies are large-scale trials conducted to confirm the drug's effectiveness and safety before approval but do not typically involve studying new uses of the drug.
d) Phase IV studies occur after a drug has been approved and marketed. These studies, often called post-marketing surveillance, evaluate the drug's effectiveness and safety in the general population and investigate new potential uses or long-term effects.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
a) Bioavailability refers to the proportion of the drug that reaches systemic circulation when administered by a particular route. The oral route typically has lower bioavailability than the intravenous route due to the first-pass metabolism in the liver. Therefore, when switching from an IV form to an oral form, the dose often needs to be higher to achieve the same therapeutic effect.
b) Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells absorb fluids and small molecules. While important in drug absorption, it is not the reason why oral doses are higher than IV doses.
c) Tachyphylaxis is a rapid tolerance to a drug after its administration, often requiring higher doses over time, but it does not directly explain the need for a higher oral dose.
d) Protein binding refers to how drugs bind to proteins in the blood, which can affect their distribution. However, this is not the main reason why oral doses are higher than IV doses.
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