Blood is drawn on a patient who has been chronically ill. The lab results include a potassium level of 2.4. Related to influences on the heart's electrical conduction, an expected sequela of this electrolyte disturbance might be

hypopolarization of sino-atrial node (SA node).

increased heart rate from stimulation of the vagus nerve.

heart rate of 40 beats/minute.

heart rate of 150 beats/minute.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Hypokalemia causes hyperpolarization, not hypopolarization, making it more difficult for cells to reach an action potential.

B. Hypokalemia does not stimulate the vagus nerve but can lead to arrhythmias.

C. While hypokalemia can cause arrhythmias, it usually leads to tachycardia or other irregular rhythms rather than a bradycardic rate of 40 beats per minute.

D. Low potassium levels can lead to tachycardia (e.g., a heart rate of 150 beats per minute) and other dangerous arrhythmias due to increased irritability of cardiac cells.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Stable angina is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs with physical exertion or stress and is relieved with rest or nitroglycerin.

B. Pulmonary embolus typically causes sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and possible hemoptysis, but not a pattern that resolves with rest or cessation of activity.

C. Myocardial infarction (MI) typically causes prolonged chest pain that does not resolve quickly and is not relieved by rest.

D. Unstable angina is more severe than stable angina, occurring at rest or with minimal activity, and does not resolve quickly. It also increases in frequency and intensity over time.

A. inflammatory changes in the glomeruli causes "leaky" glomerular capillaries. B. an autoantibody attack to the renal artery, causing ischemia to the kidney glomerulus. C. the pathological leaking of casts from the glomerular capillaries into the urine. D. a substantial increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. In post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the immune response to strep infection results in inflammatory changes in the glomeruli, making the capillaries "leaky." This allows protein and red blood cells to pass into the urine, causing proteinuria and hematuria.

B. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is not characterized by an autoantibody attack on the renal artery. It is primarily an immune-mediated inflammatory response in the glomeruli.

C. While casts may appear in the urine, the primary issue is glomerular capillary inflammation and permeability rather than direct leaking of casts.

D. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis typically results in a decreased GFR due to inflammation and reduced kidney function, not an increase.

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Blood is drawn on a patient who has been chronically ill. The lab results include a potassium level of 2.4. Related to influences on the heart's electrical conduction, an expected sequela of this electrolyte disturbance might be

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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