Causes of constipation include:
High fiber diet, laxatives, increased water intake, increased reflex for defecation
Decreased fiber diet, decreased water intake, decreased reflex for defecation
Increased fiber diet, increased hydration, increased reflex for defecation, medications, absence of disease processes
Decreased fiber diet, decreased hydration, decreased reflex for defecation, medications, disease processes
The Correct Answer is D
A. High fiber diet, laxatives, increased water intake, increased reflex for defecation: These factors promote healthy bowel movements. Fiber adds bulk to stool, water softens it, laxatives stimulate movement, and an intact defecation reflex supports regular elimination, all of which prevent constipation.
B. Decreased fiber diet, decreased water intake, decreased reflex for defecation: These are contributing factors to constipation. However, it leaves out other significant causes like medications and medical conditions that impair bowel function.
C. Increased fiber diet, increased hydration, increased reflex for defecation, medications, absence of disease processes: Fiber, hydration, absence of disease and a strong reflex help prevent constipation. However, medications like opioids and anticholinergics often cause constipation regardless of diet and hydration.
D. Decreased fiber diet, decreased hydration, decreased reflex for defecation, medications, disease processes: A low-fiber diet and poor hydration lead to hard stools. A weak defecation reflex can result from neurological decline. Medications and chronic diseases such as diabetes or hypothyroidism can slow intestinal motility.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Diverticulitis: This condition involves inflammation or infection of diverticula (small pouches) in the colon wall, typically presenting with localized pain and not characterized by “cobblestone” appearance or skipped lesions seen on colonoscopy.
B. Crohn's Disease: The description of “cobblestone” mucosa, skipped lesions, and thickened bowel walls resembling “lead pipes” are classic features of Crohn’s disease. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and presents with patchy, transmural inflammation causing thickening and characteristic endoscopic findings.
C. Diverticulosis: This condition involves the presence of diverticula without inflammation. It does not cause the cobblestone or skipped lesion appearance seen in inflammatory bowel disease and is generally asymptomatic unless complicated by diverticulitis.
D. Ulcerative Colitis: This disease causes continuous inflammation usually starting in the rectum and extending proximally, leading to a loss of haustral markings but does not typically present with skipped lesions or a cobblestone appearance. The colon wall tends to be thin rather than thickened.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Bruton's disorder: Also known as X-linked agammaglobulinemia, this is a primary immunodeficiency that results in absent or reduced B cells and recurrent bacterial infections. It does not involve distinct facial features or limb defects as described in the question.
B. SCID: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency involves profound defects in both B and T lymphocyte function, leading to severe infections early in life. It is not associated with the described craniofacial abnormalities or limb deformities.
C. Potter syndrome: This condition is caused by severe oligohydramnios, often due to bilateral renal agenesis, and leads to characteristic physical features including widely spaced eyes with epicanthic folds, low-set ears, a broad or beaked nose, a receding chin, and limb deformities.
D. Down Syndrome: While individuals with Down Syndrome often have characteristic facial features such as upslanting palpebral fissures, flat nasal bridges, and low-set ears, they typically do not have beak-like noses, receding chins, or limb defects in the way described.
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