Causes of constipation include:
High fiber diet, laxatives, increased water intake, increased reflex for defecation
Decreased fiber diet, decreased water intake, decreased reflex for defecation
Increased fiber diet, increased hydration, increased reflex for defecation, medications, absence of disease processes
Decreased fiber diet, decreased hydration, decreased reflex for defecation, medications, disease processes
The Correct Answer is D
A. High fiber diet, laxatives, increased water intake, increased reflex for defecation: These factors promote healthy bowel movements. Fiber adds bulk to stool, water softens it, laxatives stimulate movement, and an intact defecation reflex supports regular elimination, all of which prevent constipation.
B. Decreased fiber diet, decreased water intake, decreased reflex for defecation: These are contributing factors to constipation. However, it leaves out other significant causes like medications and medical conditions that impair bowel function.
C. Increased fiber diet, increased hydration, increased reflex for defecation, medications, absence of disease processes: Fiber, hydration, absence of disease and a strong reflex help prevent constipation. However, medications like opioids and anticholinergics often cause constipation regardless of diet and hydration.
D. Decreased fiber diet, decreased hydration, decreased reflex for defecation, medications, disease processes: A low-fiber diet and poor hydration lead to hard stools. A weak defecation reflex can result from neurological decline. Medications and chronic diseases such as diabetes or hypothyroidism can slow intestinal motility.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]
Explanation
A. Itching: Pruritus typically develops during the icteric phase of hepatitis when bilirubin accumulates in the tissues. It is not considered an early or prodromal symptom but occurs later as jaundice becomes evident.
B. Vomiting: Nausea and vomiting are common prodromal symptoms of hepatitis due to liver inflammation and its impact on digestion. These gastrointestinal symptoms often occur before jaundice or other late signs become apparent.
C. Fatigue: Fatigue is one of the most frequently reported early symptoms of hepatitis. It results from the body's immune response and reduced liver function and may begin days or weeks before jaundice or dark urine appears.
D. Jaundice: Jaundice typically marks the transition to the icteric phase of hepatitis and follows the prodromal phase. It appears as liver dysfunction progresses and bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream and tissues.
E. Hyperalgia (increased sensitivity to pain): Increased pain sensitivity, particularly in the upper right quadrant, can occur early in hepatitis due to liver inflammation. This symptom may accompany general malaise and precedes more visible signs like jaundice.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Changing an IV: This procedure involves standard precautions to avoid bloodborne infections, not primarily fecal-oral infections like hepatitis A. It is more relevant to viruses such as hepatitis B and C.
B. Disposing of food trays: While hygiene in food service is important, the nurse’s direct role in disposing of trays does not significantly contribute to HAV prevention. HAV is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route rather than leftover food on trays.
C. Emptying bed pans: Hepatitis A is spread via the fecal-oral route. Handling feces, especially without strict hand hygiene and appropriate protective equipment, poses a high risk for transmission. Therefore, careful attention is needed during this activity to prevent spread.
D. Taking an oral temperature: This involves mucosal contact but carries minimal risk of spreading hepatitis A, especially when using disposable covers and practicing standard precautions. It is not a primary concern for fecal-oral transmission.
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