During a team meeting, a head nurse (the superior) and a staff nurse (the subordinate) are having a disagreement over the unit's dressing change procedure. The staff nurse wishes to use a new procedure based on newly released nursing research. The head nurse disagrees. The head nurse later makes comments to other staff members questioning the credibility of the staff nurse. This behavior is associated with:

A. Horizontal violence, also known as lateral violence, refers to aggressive or disruptive behavior between colleagues at the same level, such as between nurses. Since the head nurse is in a superior position and the staff nurse is a subordinate, the behavior described does not fit the definition of horizontal violence.
B. Bullying involves repeated, intentional actions that undermine or belittle another person. The head nurse’s comments about the staff nurse’s credibility to other staff members could be considered a form of bullying, especially if this behavior is persistent and aims to undermine the staff nurse’s professional reputation or confidence.
C. Confrontation is a direct approach to addressing disagreements or conflicts between individuals. It involves discussing differing views openly and is intended to resolve issues through dialogue. In this
case, the head nurse’s behavior does not involve direct confrontation with the staff nurse about the disagreement but rather involves undermining the staff nurse's credibility behind their back.
D. Mediation is a process where a neutral third party helps facilitate communication and negotiation between conflicting parties to reach a resolution. The behavior described does not involve mediation; instead, it involves negative comments and undermining behavior without seeking resolution or involving a mediator.

A. Critical pathways are designed to standardize care and ensure that key interventions and assessments are performed within specific timeframes to achieve optimal outcomes. However, flexibility might be necessary based on individual patient needs, and strict adherence to the exact order may not always be feasible or appropriate.
B. Critical pathways are primarily used to guide the management of specific clinical conditions or procedures rather than health promotion activities. They focus on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of patient care for specific diagnoses or treatments rather than general health promotion.

C. Critical pathways aim to standardize care and improve outcomes by following evidence-based practices, which can lead to more efficient use of resources and reduced costs. By streamlining care processes and minimizing variations, critical pathways can help achieve better patient outcomes and cost savings.
D. Critical pathways are typically developed by multidisciplinary teams, including clinical experts, to create standardized care plans based on best practices for specific conditions or procedures. They are not usually developed by individual providers for individual clients.