Following a myocardial infarction (MI) of the left ventricle, a patient develops left heart failure (LHF). Findings commonly associated with LHF include

low preload.

pleural effusion.

peripheral edema.

pulmonary edema.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Preload is typically increased in LHF, as blood backs up in the left side of the heart.

B. Although pleural effusion can occur as a secondary complication in some cases of heart failure, it is not as directly indicative of LHF as pulmonary edema.

C. Peripheral edema is more characteristic of right heart failure, where blood backs up in the systemic circulation.

D. Pulmonary edema is a hallmark finding in left heart failure as the left ventricle fails to pump effectively, causing fluid to accumulate in the lungs due to back pressure from the left atrium into the pulmonary veins.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Hydronephrosis may lead to renal dysfunction but does not directly explain the altered mental status or confusion in this context.

B. Uremic encephalopathy occurs due to the accumulation of waste products, particularly urea, in the bloodstream, which can lead to neurotoxicity and confusion.

C. Metabolic alkalosis does not typically cause confusion; it is more related to acid-base disturbances and does not develop from over-secretion of bicarbonate in renal failure.

D. Hypotension due to hypophosphatemia is not a common cause of confusion, and while electrolyte imbalances can affect mental status, this option does not directly connect with renal failure.

A. chancres inflaming the glomeruli: syphilis. B. increased urine output: an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). C. poor skin turgor: fluid shifting from tissue to blood secondary to hyperproteinemia. D. edema: fluid shifting from blood to tissue secondary to hypoproteinemia.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Chancres are not associated with glomerulonephritis; this option is incorrect as it refers to syphilis, which does not cause this condition.

B. Glomerulonephritis typically leads to decreased urine output due to reduced GFR, not increased urine output.

C. Poor skin turgor is usually indicative of dehydration rather than hyperproteinemia; in glomerulonephritis, the issue is typically a loss of proteins in the urine, leading to edema.

D. In post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, hypoproteinemia (loss of protein due to kidney damage) causes fluid to shift from the vascular space to tissues, resulting in edema.

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Following a myocardial infarction (MI) of the left ventricle, a patient develops left heart failure (LHF). Findings commonly associated with LHF include

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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