How are Type IV hypersensitivity reactions different from all other types (I, II, or III) of hypersentivity reactions?

The usual types of reactions are mediated by antibodies.

B-lymphocytes produce the offending substances.

They typically occur with the first exposure to an antigen.

Delayed reactions are characterized by cytokine release.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) The usual types of reactions are mediated by antibodies:

Correct. Types I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antibodies (IgE, IgG, or IgM) that bind to antigens and trigger immune responses. In contrast, Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell mediated and do not involve antibodies.

B) B-lymphocytes produce the offending substances:

This statement is incorrect. B-lymphocytes are involved in antibody-mediated immune responses (types I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions), not Type IV hypersensitivity reactions, which are primarily mediated by T-lymphocytes.

C) They typically occur with the first exposure to an antigen:

This statement is incorrect. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions usually require sensitization upon initial exposure to an antigen, and subsequent exposures elicit the delayed hypersensitivity response. This is similar to types I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions, which also involve sensitization upon initial exposure.

D) Delayed reactions are characterized by cytokine release:

This statement is partially correct. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by a delayed onset (typically 24 to 72 hours after exposure) and involve the release of cytokines from activated T-lymphocytes, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. However, other types of hypersensitivity reactions may also involve cytokine release, so this feature alone does not differentiate Type IV from other types of reactions.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Intermittent claudication is a common symptom experienced by individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD). It occurs due to the underlying pathophysiology of arterial occlusion and ischemia during physical activity. Here's why option C is the correct choice:

A) Reduced blood flow occurs when legs are elevated:

This statement is not accurate regarding the pathophysiology of intermittent claudication in PAD. When legs are elevated, gravity assists venous return, which may actually improve blood flow temporarily. However, intermittent claudication occurs during activity, not when the legs are elevated.

B) Reddened color occurs when the feet are dependent:

This statement is unrelated to the pathophysiology of intermittent claudication. Redness when the feet are dependent may suggest venous insufficiency rather than arterial occlusion characteristic of PAD.

C) Arterial occlusion causes ischemic pain during activity:

Correct. Intermittent claudication is caused by inadequate blood flow to the muscles during physical activity due to arterial occlusion in PAD. As the demand for oxygen increases during exercise, the narrowed arteries cannot supply sufficient blood flow, leading to ischemic pain in the affected muscles. This pain typically resolves with rest and recurs upon resuming activity.

D) Reduction in blood supply leads to muscle atrophy:

Muscle atrophy may occur in severe cases of PAD with chronic ischemia, but it is not the primary cause of intermittent claudication. Intermittent claudication is primarily attributed to inadequate blood flow during activity, which results in ischemic pain rather than muscle atrophy.

A. Herpes simplex virus. B. Vulvovaginitis. C. Human papillomavirus (HPV). D. Chronic yeast infections.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Herpes simplex virus:

While herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause genital ulcers and lesions, it is not directly associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. However, individuals with genital herpes may have an increased risk of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a significant risk factor for cervical cancer.

B. Vulvovaginitis:

Vulvovaginitis refers to inflammation or infection of the vulva and vagina and can be caused by various factors, including bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. While chronic inflammation or infection may contribute to cellular changes in the cervix, it is not a direct risk factor for cervical cancer.

C. Human papillomavirus (HPV):

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most significant risk factor for developing cervical cancer. Certain high-risk strains of HPV, particularly HPV types 16 and 18, are strongly associated with the development of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains can lead to cellular changes in the cervix, eventually progressing to cervical cancer.

D. Chronic yeast infections:

Chronic yeast infections, also known as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, are caused by the overgrowth of Candida species in the vaginal area. While chronic yeast infections can cause discomfort and recurrent symptoms, they are not directly linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. However, chronic irritation or inflammation in the genital area may increase the susceptibility to other infections, including HPV.

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How are Type IV hypersensitivity reactions different from all other types (I, II, or III) of hypersentivity reactions?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

When developing a teaching plan for a client with peripheral artery disease, the nurse should explain that intermittent claudication occurs as the result of which underlying pathophysiology?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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