How does the immune system distinguish between self and non-self?
Through the presence of antigens on the surface of cells
By recognizing different blood types
By monitoring hormone levels in the body
Through the release of cytokines
The Correct Answer is A
Explanation: Antigens are unique molecules or proteins present on the surface of cells, including pathogens. The immune system can recognize these antigens as "non-self" and mount an immune response to eliminate them while sparing the body's own cells, which display different antigens that are recognized as "self."
Incorrect choices:
b. Recognizing different blood types is relevant for blood transfusions but not a primary mechanism of distinguishing self from non-self by the immune system.
c. Monitoring hormone levels in the body is not directly related to the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self.
d. Cytokines are signaling molecules released by immune cells to regulate the immune response but are not the primary means of distinguishing self from non-self.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Explanation: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (lining of the membranes that surround the joints), causing inflammation, pain, and joint damage.
Incorrect choices:
a. Allergic rhinitis is an allergic response to airborne allergens, such as pollen or pet dander, not an autoimmune disorder.
c. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, and it primarily affects the small intestine.
d. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Explanation: During antibody-mediated immunity, B cells produce antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that specifically recognize and bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens or foreign substances. This binding marks the pathogens for destruction by other immune cells or neutralizes their harmful effects.
Incorrect choices:
a. Cytokines are small proteins that serve as signaling molecules in the immune system, regulating the behavior and activity of immune cells. B cells can secrete cytokines, but their primary function is antibody production.
b. Cytotoxic granules contain substances like perforin and granzymes and are released by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in infected or abnormal cells. B cells do not produce cytotoxic granules.
d. Perforin is a protein released by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to create pores in the membrane of infected cells, leading to cell death. B cells do not produce perforin.
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