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How does the immune system distinguish between self and non-self?

A.

Through the presence of antigens on the surface of cells

B.

By recognizing different blood types

C.

By monitoring hormone levels in the body

D.

Through the release of cytokines

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Explanation: Antigens are unique molecules or proteins present on the surface of cells, including pathogens. The immune system can recognize these antigens as "non-self" and mount an immune response to eliminate them while sparing the body's own cells, which display different antigens that are recognized as "self."

Incorrect choices:

b. Recognizing different blood types is relevant for blood transfusions but not a primary mechanism of distinguishing self from non-self by the immune system.

c. Monitoring hormone levels in the body is not directly related to the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self.

d. Cytokines are signaling molecules released by immune cells to regulate the immune response but are not the primary means of distinguishing self from non-self.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Explanation: B cells are a type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies against specific antigens. When a B cell encounters an antigen that matches its specific receptor, it becomes activated and differentiates into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing large quantities of antibodies that can target and neutralize the antigen.

Incorrect choices:

b. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and do not produce antibodies. They recognize and directly attack infected or abnormal cells in the body.

c. Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells that engulf and process pathogens to present their antigens to other immune cells. They do not produce antibodies themselves but play a role in initiating the immune response.

d. Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte involved in the innate immune response. They do not produce antibodies but can directly kill infected or abnormal cells.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Explanation: Numerous scientific studies have found no link between vaccines and autism. The notion that vaccines cause autism was based on a discredited and fraudulent study, and subsequent research has shown no evidence of such a link.

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