If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy?

A. External urethral orifice: This is the external opening of the urethra, and part of the urethral passageway.
B. Internal urethral sphincter: This is a muscular structure that regulates flow, but it is not a section of the urethral tube itself.
C. Prostatic urethra: This is the part of the male urethra that passes through the prostate gland.
D. Membranous urethra: This portion passes through the urogenital diaphragm in males.
E. Spongy urethra: The longest segment of the male urethra, it runs through the penile (spongy) tissue.

A. Cephalic: The cephalic phase occurs before food enters the stomach, triggered by sight, smell, or thought of food, and stimulates gastric secretion via the vagus nerve.
B. Gastric: The gastric phase begins when food enters and stretches the stomach, triggering myenteric and vagovagal reflexes that stimulate acid and enzyme secretion.
C. Intestinal: The intestinal phase involves chyme entering the duodenum, which moderates gastric activity, mostly inhibitory.
D. Gastrointestinal: “Gastrointestinal” is a general term and not one of the specific phases of gastric secretion.
E. Mesenteric: “Mesenteric” refers to the mesentery (tissue supporting the intestines), not a phase of digestion.