As shown in this diagram, increased blood osmolarity stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. What happens next? (What goes in the yellow box?)
Posterior pituitary releases ADH
Adrenal medulla releases aldosterone
Kidneys release erythropoietin
Anterior pituitary releases oxytocin
Adrenal cortex releases norepinephrine
The Correct Answer is A
A. Posterior pituitary releases ADH: Dehydration increases blood osmolarity. This is sensed by hypothalamic osmoreceptors. In response, the hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH then acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to promote water reabsorption, thereby concentrating the urine and reducing blood osmolarity.
B. Adrenal medulla releases aldosterone: Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex, not medulla, and is more responsive to low sodium or high potassium, not directly to osmolarity.
C. Kidneys release erythropoietin: Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia, not dehydration or osmolarity.
D. Anterior pituitary releases oxytocin: Oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary, and it is not involved in osmolarity or water balance.
E. Adrenal cortex releases norepinephrine: Norepinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla, and is involved in fight-or-flight, not osmolarity regulation.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decrease: Low MAP leads to reduced renal perfusion, and until compensatory mechanisms restore pressure, GFR will drop.
B. Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decrease: Low systemic pressure leads to low glomerular hydrostatic pressure, resulting in lower NFP.
C. Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase: The RAAS pathway, triggered by renin, leads to aldosterone and ADH release, promoting sodium and water retention, thereby increasing fluid volume.
D. Kidney perfusion will increase: Perfusion decreases when MAP is below 80 mmHg, and renin is released because of reduced perfusion, not increased.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. 2 ATP: This is the ATP yield from glycolysis (net gain), not fatty acid oxidation.
B. 18 ATP: Too low for a 16-carbon fatty acid-this number is far below the actual ATP yield from fatty acid metabolism.
C. 36 ATP: This is the approximate ATP yield from glucose oxidation, not a 16-carbon fatty acid.
D. 38 ATP: Also close to glucose metabolism; still too low.
E. 129 ATP: Beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid (e.g., palmitic acid) generates 129 ATP molecules, making it far more energy-dense than glucose.
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