In the case of edema, excess fluid is held in which fluid compartment(s)?

A. Buffered hydrogen ions are excreted in urine: This process allows new bicarbonate ions to enter the plasma, helping correct acidosis.
B. Glutamine is metabolized by deamination, oxidation, and acidification: Glutamine metabolism in renal tubule cells generates ammonia and bicarbonate, contributing to acid-base balance.
C. Ammonium ions are excreted in urine: Excreting ammonium (NH₄⁺) removes H⁺ from the body and indirectly adds new bicarbonate to the plasma.
D. Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption: This does not generate new bicarbonate-it simply prevents loss of existing bicarbonate, which is important but not a replenishing mechanism during depletion.

A. The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only: The ureters are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
B. Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine: There are no anatomical sphincters; backflow is prevented by the angle of ureter entry into the bladder wall and valve-like flaps.
C. The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch: The ureters are lined with transitional epithelium, which allows stretching, not stratified squamous.
D. The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract: Ureters have smooth muscle that contracts rhythmically to move urine via peristalsis from the kidneys to the bladder.