Individuals with diabetes are also at increased risk for developing infection due to hyperglycemia related to microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications due to:
Excess protein in the blood provides an optimal environment for some pathogens, allowing rapid proliferation.
Excess glucose in blood provides an optimal environment for some pathogens, allowing rapid proliferation.
They produce less White Blood cells.
White Blood Cell destruction and high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin prevent release of oxygen to the tissues.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: While protein metabolism can be affected in diabetes, excess protein in the blood is not the primary mechanism increasing infection risk. Pathogens generally thrive more in high-glucose environments rather than high-protein conditions.
Choice B reason: Excess glucose in the blood creates an optimal environment for many pathogens to proliferate rapidly. High blood sugar levels weaken the immune system by impairing the function of white blood cells, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. This is particularly significant in the microvascular and macrovascular systems where the blood vessels can become damaged, further compromising immune response.
Choice C reason: Diabetic individuals do not necessarily produce fewer white blood cells. However, the functionality of these cells can be impaired by hyperglycemia, reducing their ability to fight off infections effectively.
Choice D reason: While high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) indicate poor blood sugar control over a long period, the destruction of white blood cells is not the primary reason for increased infection risk. The issue lies more with the impaired function of white blood cells and the conducive environment that excess glucose provides for pathogens.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Cirrhosis is a condition that affects the liver, not the kidneys. It is not related to nephropathy, which is kidney disease.
Choice B reason: Cardiac disease, while a common complication of diabetes, is not directly caused by nephropathy. Nephropathy primarily affects the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure, but it is not the leading cause of cardiac disease.
Choice C reason: Nephropathy in individuals with diabetes can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESRD), also known as end-stage renal disease. This is a serious condition where the kidneys are no longer able to function adequately to maintain life, often requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Choice D reason: Pulmonary disease affects the lungs and is not directly related to nephropathy. While diabetes can have complications that affect the lungs, nephropathy specifically targets the kidneys.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Excessive fluid replacement can lead to hypervolemia because it increases the total volume of fluid in the body. This can overwhelm the body's regulatory mechanisms, leading to fluid overload.
Choice B reason: Dehydration is not a cause of hypervolemia. In fact, dehydration is the opposite condition, where there is a lack of fluid in the body. Dehydration leads to a decrease in fluid volume, not an increase.
Choice C reason: Liver cirrhosis can cause hypervolemia because it impairs the liver's ability to regulate fluid balance. This can result in fluid retention and buildup in the body, leading to hypervolemia.
Choice D reason: Kidney failure can cause hypervolemia because the kidneys are responsible for maintaining fluid balance by excreting excess fluid. When the kidneys fail, they cannot effectively remove excess fluid, leading to fluid overload.
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