Inhalation and exhalation are:

A. is located within the pleural cavities: it is part of the larynx, not the lungs.

B. is innervated by the phrenic nerve: phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, not the epiglottis.

C. Prevents food and water from getting into the respiratory passages: it acts as a flap that closes the trachea during swallowing.

D. Is a tube that connects the pharynx and the middle ear: that is the Eustachian tube.

A. There are fewer alveoli available for gas exchange: Pneumonia causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, while collapsed alveoli (atelectasis) reduce the surface area available for gas exchange. This results in impaired oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide removal, making breathing less efficient.

B. Rapid shallow breathing can compensate for the collapsed alveoli, no further treatment is required: While rapid, shallow breathing can be a response to decreased oxygen levels, it does not fully compensate for the loss of functional alveoli. Patients with pneumonia and atelectasis often require medical intervention, such as oxygen therapy or breathing exercises, to improve lung function.

C. O₂ levels in the blood will increase: Oxygen levels in the blood decrease, not increase, because fewer alveoli are available to facilitate gas exchange. The impaired alveolar function leads to hypoxemia (low blood oxygen), which can cause symptoms like shortness of breath and cyanosis.

D. There will be no effect on breathing and O₂ levels in the blood: Pneumonia and collapsed alveoli significantly affect breathing and oxygen levels. Patients may experience difficulty breathing, reduced oxygen saturation, and increased respiratory effort as their bodies try to compensate for poor oxygen exchange.