Mary RN is observing her patient interact with their family while she takes their vital signs. She notices that her patient looks to their mother before answering her questions. In which stage of the Tanner Clinical Judgment Model is Mary RN?

Choice A reason: Nonmaleficence is a fundamental ethical principle in healthcare and bioethics that obligates healthcare professionals to not inflict harm intentionally. It extends to avoiding actions that carry a risk of harm. The term comes from the Latin phrase "primum non nocere," which means "first, do no harm."

Choice B reason: Justice in ethics refers to fairness and equality in the distribution of benefits and burdens among individuals. While it is an important ethical principle, it does not specifically address the avoidance of harm.

Choice C reason: Fidelity involves being faithful to one's commitments and maintaining trust. It is about loyalty and honesty but does not directly relate to the prevention of harm.

Choice D reason: Beneficence is the ethical principle that involves taking actions that benefit others. It is about doing good and promoting the well-being of others, which can include preventing harm, but nonmaleficence is the principle specifically focused on avoiding harm.

Choice A reason: OSHA, or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is responsible for ensuring safe and healthy working conditions by setting and enforcing standards. It does not serve the healthcare needs of the population directly.

Choice B reason: CMS, or the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, administers the nation's major healthcare programs including Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). It serves more than 1/3 of the US population by providing healthcare coverage.

Choice C reason: DEA, or the Drug Enforcement Administration, combats drug trafficking and distribution within the United States. Its primary role is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations and does not provide healthcare services to the population.

Choice D reason: FDA, or the Food and Drug Administration, is responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices. It regulates food safety and other aspects of public health but does not serve the healthcare needs of the population in the same capacity as CMS.