Modifiable risk factors for CAD

A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot, typically originating from the deep veins of the legs or pelvis, travels through the bloodstream and lodges in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the most common source of pulmonary emboli. DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the legs, pelvis, or arms, and can develop due to prolonged immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, pregnancy, hormone therapy, or genetic factors.

Endocarditis, valvular heart disease, and left heart failure are not typical sources of pulmonary emboli. Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves and lining, which can lead to valve damage and heart failure, but does not usually cause blood clots. Valvular heart disease, which includes conditions such as aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, can cause blood flow disturbances and increase the risk of thrombosis, but does not directly cause blood clots. Left heart failure, which occurs when the left ventricle of the heart is unable to pump effectively, can cause fluid buildup in the lungs, but does not typically cause blood clots to form.

Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when a person stands up from a sitting or lying down position. To check for orthostatic hypotension, the nurse typically takes the patient's blood pressure and heart rate while the patient is lying down, then has the patient stand up for a few minutes and takes the blood pressure and heart rate again. If the blood pressure drops significantly (usually a drop of 20 mm Hg or more) and the heart rate increases, it may indicate orthostatic hypotension.