What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli
Deep venous thrombosis
Endocarditis
Valvular heart disease
Left heart failure
The Correct Answer is A
A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot, typically originating from the deep veins of the legs or pelvis, travels through the bloodstream and lodges in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the most common source of pulmonary emboli. DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the legs, pelvis, or arms, and can develop due to prolonged immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, pregnancy, hormone therapy, or genetic factors.
Endocarditis, valvular heart disease, and left heart failure are not typical sources of pulmonary emboli. Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves and lining, which can lead to valve damage and heart failure, but does not usually cause blood clots. Valvular heart disease, which includes conditions such as aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, can cause blood flow disturbances and increase the risk of thrombosis, but does not directly cause blood clots. Left heart failure, which occurs when the left ventricle of the heart is unable to pump effectively, can cause fluid buildup in the lungs, but does not typically cause blood clots to form.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
IgE is the immunoglobulin associated with allergic reactions and is often elevated in patients with asthma. When a person with asthma is exposed to an allergen, their IgE levels increase, leading to the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine, which can cause bronchoconstriction and other symptoms of asthma.
IgA: This is an immunoglobulin that plays a role in the immune system's defense against infections. It is mainly found in the mucous membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
IgG: This is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the bloodstream and plays a role in providing immunity against bacterial and viral infections. It can also cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to a developing fetus.
IgM: This is the first immunoglobulin produced in response to an infection and plays a role in the body's defense against bacterial and viral infections. It is found primarily in the bloodstream.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Primary hypertension, also known as essential hypertension, refers to high blood pressure that has no identifiable underlying cause. Risk factors for developing primary hypertension include a family history of hypertension, age, obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, stress, and certain dietary factors.
Specifically, diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for hypertension due to the effects of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on the blood vessels, as well as the increased prevalence of obesity and other comorbidities. Moderate alcohol consumption (up to 1 drink per day for women and up to 2 drinks per day for men) may actually have a protective effect against hypertension, but excessive alcohol intake can raise blood pressure and contribute to the development of hypertension.
Asian race is not a significant risk factor for primary hypertension, although there may be differences in the prevalence and severity of hypertension among different racial and ethnic groups.
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