A 4-year-old child is diagnosed with otitis media. The parent asks the nurse about the causes of this illness. Which risk factors would the nurse include in response to this parent? Select all that apply.
Household smoking
A history of urinary tract infections
Exposure to illness in daycare centers or schools
Native American ethnicity
Absence of breastfeeding
Craniofacial anomalies
Correct Answer : A,C,D,E,F
A. Household smoking increases the risk of otitis media by irritating the respiratory tract and impairing immune function.
B. A history of urinary tract infections is not a risk factor for otitis media.
C. Exposure to illness in daycare centers or schools increases the likelihood of respiratory infections, which can lead to otitis media.
D. Native American ethnicity has a higher incidence of otitis media, likely due to genetic and environmental factors.
E. Absence of breastfeeding increases the risk of otitis media because breastfeeding provides immune protection.
F. Craniofacial anomalies (e.g., cleft palate) increase the risk of otitis media due to poor Eustachian tube function and chronic ear infections.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Itching and tenderness when manipulating the affected ear lobe is more characteristic of an external ear infection (otitis externa) rather than acute otitis media.
B. Fullness in the ear and a clogged sensation might be experienced in acute otitis media, but it usually occurs with systemic signs of infection such as fever and pain.
C. Edema and erythema of the external canal only would indicate an external ear infection (otitis externa), not otitis media, which affects the middle ear.
D. Pulling on the affected ear, acute onset of fever, and otalgia (ear pain) are classic signs of acute otitis media. Children often pull or tug at the affected ear in response to pain.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Kawasaki disease typically presents with fever, rash, and conjunctivitis, not a machine-like murmur or the other cardiovascular findings.
B. Tricuspid Atresia involves a defect in the tricuspid valve and presents with cyanosis and poor circulation, but not a machine-like murmur.
C. Tetralogy of Fallot involves a murmur due to pulmonary stenosis and VSD but would not produce a "machine-like" murmur, which is characteristic of PDA.
D. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) results in a continuous "machine-like" murmur due to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery, along with findings of pulmonary congestion and right ventricular hypertrophy.
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