Primary hypertension:
Is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the intima and media
Underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS
is caused by complicated interactions of genetics and the environment without evidence of a specific causative agent
is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output
The Correct Answer is C
A. Is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia with associated fibrosis of the intima and media: While these changes can occur in the vascular walls over time due to hypertension, they are not the primary cause of primary hypertension itself. Primary hypertension is more complex and multifactorial.
B. Underactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS: Primary hypertension is characterized by increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), not underactivity. Increased activity of these systems contributes to elevated blood pressure.
C. Is caused by complicated interactions of genetics and the environment without evidence of a specific causative agent: This statement accurately describes primary hypertension, which results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as diet, physical activity, and stress. There is no single identifiable cause for primary hypertension, making this the correct answer.
D. Is caused by systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac output: This statement pertains more to secondary hypertension, which is due to identifiable causes such as kidney disease, endocrine disorders, or other systemic diseases. Primary hypertension does not arise from a specific systemic disease but rather from multifactorial influences.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. We will have to drain the pus out of your pleural space: An empyema is characterized by the accumulation of pus in the pleural space, typically due to infection or inflammation. The primary treatment often involves draining the infected fluid to relieve symptoms and treat the underlying infection, making this statement accurate and appropriate for the patient.
B. These blebs in your lungs can rupture with exercise: This statement is not applicable to empyema. Blebs are associated with conditions like pulmonary bullae or emphysema, not empyema. Empyema specifically refers to pus in the pleural space, not blebs in the lungs.
C. You will be given a long course of antiviral medication: Antiviral medication is not typically indicated for empyema, as it is often caused by bacterial infections. Treatment usually involves antibiotics and drainage rather than antiviral therapy.
D. We will watch you for respiratory muscle fatigue: While monitoring for respiratory status is important in any patient with empyema, this statement does not specifically address the nature of empyema or its treatment. The focus should be on managing the infection and drainage of the pleural space.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Assist with a chest tube insertion: A gunshot wound to the chest with a one-way valve pleural rupture indicates a tension pneumothorax, a life-threatening condition. Air enters the pleural space with each breath but cannot escape, leading to increased intrathoracic pressure, lung collapse, and mediastinal shift, which can compromise venous return and cardiac output. Immediate chest tube insertion or needle decompression is necessary to relieve pressure and restore normal lung function.
B. Give the patient low-flow oxygen: Oxygen therapy may help improve oxygenation, but it does not address the underlying issue of trapped air causing intrathoracic pressure buildup. Without intervention to release the trapped air, respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse can occur.
C. Assess for clubbing of fingernails: Clubbing is a sign of chronic hypoxia seen in long-term respiratory diseases but is not relevant in the acute management of a tension pneumothorax. The priority is to relieve the trapped air and restore normal lung expansion.
D. Draw arterial gases: While arterial blood gases can help assess oxygenation and ventilation status, they do not treat the underlying tension pneumothorax. Immediate decompression is required before diagnostic tests to prevent rapid deterioration and potential cardiac arrest.
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