What have you learned about ventilation?

Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia

Hypoventilation causes alkalosis

Hyperventilation causes acidosis

Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia: Hypoventilation leads to inadequate removal of carbon dioxide (CO₂), resulting in hypercapnia rather than hypocapnia. This occurs because decreased ventilation reduces gas exchange efficiency, allowing CO₂ to accumulate in the blood, which can cause respiratory acidosis.

B. Hypoventilation causes alkalosis: Hypoventilation leads to respiratory acidosis rather than alkalosis. When ventilation is insufficient, CO₂ builds up in the bloodstream, leading to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a subsequent drop in blood pH. This is commonly seen in conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neuromuscular disorders, and opioid overdose.

C. Hyperventilation causes acidosis: Hyperventilation results in excessive elimination of CO₂, leading to a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration and an increase in blood pH, causing respiratory alkalosis rather than acidosis. Acidosis occurs when CO₂ retention leads to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration, which is the opposite of what happens with hyperventilation.

D. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia: Hyperventilation leads to an excessive exhalation of CO₂, causing a reduction in blood CO₂ levels (hypocapnia). This can result in respiratory alkalosis, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, tingling sensations, and even syncope. It is often seen in conditions like anxiety, panic attacks, fever, or high-altitude exposure.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Pus in the pleural space: This describes empyema, a condition in which infection leads to pus accumulation in the pleural space. Empyema is commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or thoracic surgery and requires drainage and antibiotic therapy. It does not cause the lung collapse seen in pneumothorax.

B. Collapse of small airways: While airway collapse can occur in conditions like bronchiolitis or atelectasis, it is not the defining feature of pneumothorax. Pneumothorax specifically involves air leaking into the pleural space, which disrupts the negative pressure necessary for lung expansion and results in partial or complete lung collapse.

C. Blood in the chest cavity: This describes hemothorax, a condition in which blood accumulates in the pleural space due to trauma, ruptured blood vessels, or certain medical conditions. Unlike pneumothorax, which involves air in the pleural space, hemothorax requires different management, including drainage with a chest tube and possible fluid resuscitation.

D. Air in the pleural space: Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing a loss of negative pressure and leading to lung collapse. This can result from chest trauma, spontaneous rupture of alveoli, underlying lung disease, or mechanical ventilation. Symptoms may include sudden chest pain, dyspnea, and decreased breath sounds on the affected side.

A. Vernelli's triad; Venous stasis; Hypercoagulable states; Venous intimal damage B. Vernelli's triad: Hyperlipidemia; hypercoagulable states, venous stasis C. Virchow's triad; Hyperlipidemia, Hypercoagulable states, positive D-dimer. D. Virchow triad: Venous stasis; Venous intimal damage: Hypercoagulable states

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Vernelli's triad; Venous stasis; Hypercoagulable states; Venous intimal damage: Vernelli's triad is not a recognized term in thrombus formation. Venous stasis, hypercoagulable states, and venous intimal damage are relevant factors, but the correct terminology is Virchow's triad.

B. Vernelli's triad: Hyperlipidemia; hypercoagulable states, venous stasis: This option inaccurately references Vernelli's triad and includes hyperlipidemia, which is not one of the classic factors associated with thrombus formation. The correct factors should be named according to Virchow's triad.

C. Virchow's triad; Hyperlipidemia, Hypercoagulable states, positive D-dimer: Although Virchow's triad is correctly identified, hyperlipidemia and positive D-dimer are not part of the classic factors involved in thrombus formation. The classic factors are venous stasis, hypercoagulable states, and venous intimal damage.

D. Virchow triad; Venous stasis; Venous intimal damage; Hypercoagulable states: This option accurately identifies Virchow's triad and lists the three key factors involved in thrombus formation: venous stasis, venous intimal damage, and hypercoagulable states.

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What have you learned about ventilation?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient is diagnosed with a pneumothorax and asks you to explain this condition. What will you say that is most accurate?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

There are three key factors involved in the formation of a thrombus. What are these factors and what are they called?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

What have you learned about ventilation?

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