The nurse is assessing a client with decompensated heart failure. Which finding would indicate that the client is manifesting right-sided heart failure?

Decreased peripheral pulses

S3 heart murmur

Distended neck veins

Orthopnea

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Decreased peripheral pulses. Decreased pulses may be related to poor perfusion but are not a hallmark sign of right-sided heart failure.

B. S3 heart murmur. An S3 heart murmur is associated with left-sided heart failure due to fluid overload in the lungs.

C. Distended neck veins: Right-sided heart failure leads to the backup of blood in the systemic circulation, which often causes jugular vein distention (JVD), peripheral edema, and hepatomegaly.

D. Orthopnea. Orthopnea is a symptom of left-sided heart failure, where fluid builds up in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe when lying flat.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. “Brain death has occurred if there is no spontaneous breathing or brainstem reflexes.” Brain death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem. The absence of spontaneous breathing and brainstem reflexes (such as pupillary response, gag reflex, and eye movements) are critical criteria used to confirm brain death.

B. “If respiratory efforts cease and no apical pulse is audible, brain death is present.” While the cessation of respiratory efforts is a key component of brain death, the presence or absence of an apical pulse alone is not sufficient for determining brain death. Brain death is determined based on the complete absence of brain function, including brainstem reflexes.

C. “Brain death has occurred if a person has flaccid muscles and does not awaken.” Muscle flaccidity and lack of consciousness may be signs of severe brain injury, but they do not necessarily confirm brain death. Brain death is diagnosed based on the absence of brainstem reflexes and spontaneous breathing.

D. “CPR does not restore a heartbeat, the brain cannot function.” While it is true that CPR may not restore circulation in brain-dead patients, this statement is incomplete and not a precise definition of brain death. Brain death is determined by the irreversible cessation of all brain activity, not just by the failure of CPR to restore circulation.

A. Inability to see objects on one side of the visual field B. Inability to perform a previously learned action C. Inability to repeat a simple sentence D. Inability to hear from the ear on the affected side

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Inability to see objects on one side of the visual field: This describes hemianopsia, not apraxia.

B. Inability to perform a previously learned action: Apraxia is the loss of the ability to perform skilled movements or gestures despite having the desire and physical ability to do so.

C. Inability to repeat a simple sentence: This describes aphasia, specifically expressive or receptive aphasia.

D. Inability to hear from the ear on the affected side: This describes hearing loss, which is unrelated to apraxia.

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The nurse is assessing a client with decompensated heart failure. Which finding would indicate that the client is manifesting right-sided heart failure?

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