The nurse is caring for an older adult client who has been diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The client asks the nurse what causes this condition.

What is the best response by the nurse?

“It is caused by an infection of the prostate gland that leads to inflammation and enlargement.”.

“It is caused by a hormonal imbalance that stimulates the growth of prostate tissue.”.

“It is caused by a genetic mutation that triggers abnormal cell division in the prostate.”.

“It is caused by an autoimmune disorder that attacks and damages the prostate tissue.”.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

The correct answer is B.

It is caused by a hormonal imbalance that stimulates the growth of prostate tissue.

• Choice A is wrong because BPH is not caused by an infection of the prostate gland. Prostate infections are called prostatitis and have different symptoms and treatments than BPH.

• Choice C is wrong because BPH is not caused by a genetic mutation that triggers abnormal cell division in the prostate. Prostate cancer is a malignant condition that involves uncontrolled cell growth in the prostate, but it is not the same as BPH.

• Choice D is wrong because BPH is not caused by an autoimmune disorder that attacks and damages the prostate tissue. Autoimmune disorders are conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body, but they are not known to cause BPH.

The exact cause of BPH is unknown, but it is believed to be related to aging and hormonal changes in older men. The prostate gland grows throughout a man’s life, but it usually does not cause problems until later in life. Some factors that may increase the risk of BPH include family history, diabetes, heart problems, obesity, and prostate cancer.

BPH can cause symptoms such as difficulty urinating, frequent or urgent urination, weak or interrupted urine stream, dribbling at the end of urination, incomplete bladder emptying, nocturia (urination at night), urinary incontinence (leakage of urine), urinary retention (inability to urinate), blood in urine, and painful urination. These symptoms can affect the quality of life and lead to complications such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, bladder damage, kidney problems, and acute urinary retention.

BPH can be diagnosed by a physical exam, medical history, and various tests such as urinalysis, urodynamic test, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, post-void residual test, and cystoscopy.

The treatment options depend on the severity of symptoms, the size of the prostate, and other health conditions. They include medications, surgery, and other procedures such as laser therapy or microwave therapy. Some natural treatments such as lifestyle changes, dietary supplements, and herbal remedies may also help with mild symptoms of BPH.

Normal ranges for some tests related to BPH are:.

• PSA test: The normal range for PSA levels is 0 to 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood.

However, this range may vary depending on age, race, and other factors. Higher PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer or other prostate problems such as BPH or prostatitis.

• Post-void residual test: The normal range for post-void residual volume is less than 50 milliliters (mL) of urine. Higher volumes may indicate urinary retention or bladder dysfunction due to BPH or other causes.

• Urodynamic test: The normal range for urodynamic parameters such as bladder pressure, urine flow rate, and bladder capacity may vary depending on age, gender, and other factors. Abnormal values may indicate bladder obstruction or dysfunction due to BPH or other causes.

References:.

: What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia and its possible symptoms ….

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Encourage fluid intake of at least 2 L/day.

This is because adequate hydration can help soften the stool and facilitate its passage through the intestines.Fluid intake should be increased gradually to avoid fluid overload or electrolyte imbalance.

Choice B is wrong because alow-fiber dietcan contribute to constipation by reducing the bulk and water content of the stool.

Fiber helps retain water in the stool and stimulate peristalsis.A high-fiber diet is recommended for clients who have constipation.

Choice C is wrong because astimulant laxativeshould not be used daily or for a long period of time, as it can cause dependence, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and damage to the intestinal mucosa.Stimulant laxatives should be used only as a last resort when other measures fail.

Choice D is wrong becausephysical activitycan help prevent constipation by increasing intestinal motility and blood flow.Physical activity should be encouraged for clients who have constipation, unless contraindicated by other conditions.

Normal ranges for fluid intake are about 2 to 3 L/day for adults, depending on age, weight, activity level, and climate.Normal ranges for fiber intake are about 25 to 38 g/day for adults, depending on age and sex.

A. Elevated white blood cell count. B. Decreased serum creatinine level. C. Increased urine specific gravity. D. Altered mental status. E. Positive urine culture.

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

The correct answer isA, D, and E.

Here is why:.

A. Elevated white blood cell count.

This is a sign of infection and inflammation in the body, which can be caused by a UTI.An elevated white blood cell count can also indicate a complication of UTI such as pyelonephritis (kidney infection) or sepsis (blood infection).

D. Altered mental status.

This is a common symptom of UTI in older adults, especially those with dementia or other cognitive impairments.UTIs can cause confusion, agitation, delirium, or behavioral changes in the elderly due to the effects of infection and inflammation on the brain.

E. Positive urine culture.

This is the definitive test to diagnose a UTI, as it identifies the type and number of bacteria present in the urine.A positive urine culture confirms the presence of a UTI and guides the appropriate antimicrobial treatment.

The other choices are wrong because:.

•.

B. Decreased serum creatinine level.

This is not a sign of UTI or its complications.

Serum creatinine is a measure of kidney function, and it usually increases when the kidneys are damaged or impaired.A decreased serum creatinine level may indicate other conditions such as liver disease, muscle wasting, or malnutrition.

•.

C. Increased urine specific gravity.

This is not a sign of UTI or its complications.

Urine specific gravity is a measure of urine concentration, and it usually increases when the body is dehydrated or has high levels of solutes in the urine.An increased urine specific gravity may indicate other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, heart failure, or dehydration.

Normal ranges for some of these tests are:.

• White blood cell count: 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood.

• Serum creatinine: 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for men and 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women.

• Urine specific gravity: 1.005 to 1.030.

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The nurse is caring for an older adult client who has been diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The client asks the nurse what causes this condition. What is the best response by the nurse?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is planning care for an older adult client who has constipation due to decreased intestinal motility. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of an older adult client who has a urinary tract infection (UTI). Which of the following findings should alert the nurse to a possible complication of UTI in older adults? (Select all that apply.).

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

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The nurse is caring for an older adult client who has been diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The client asks the nurse what causes this condition.

What is the best response by the nurse?