The nurse is explaining to a client the reasons why a burn wound becomes infected. Which reason(s) should the nurse include? (Select all that apply)

Organisms on the skin before the burn colonize in burn wounds and under eschar.

Epithelium that produces antimicrobial peptides is reduced.

An increased basal metabolic rate and body heat radiation stresses the immune system.

Acidic nature of skin that protects against bacterial invasion is compromised.

Loss of serum proteins alters the humoral components.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,D,E

Choice A reason: Pre-existing skin organisms, like Staphylococcus, colonize burn wounds and eschar, thriving in damaged tissue with impaired barriers. Burns disrupt skin integrity, allowing microbial invasion and biofilm formation, increasing infection risk. This is a primary reason for burn wound infections, supported by wound care microbiology.

Choice B reason: Burned epithelium loses its ability to produce antimicrobial peptides, which normally inhibit bacterial growth. This reduction weakens local defenses, allowing pathogens to proliferate in the wound. Compromised epithelial function is a key factor in burn infections, as it diminishes the skin’s innate immune response.

Choice C reason: Increased basal metabolic rate and heat radiation in burns elevate systemic stress but do not directly cause wound infections. While metabolism impacts healing, it is not a primary infection driver. Local factors like microbial colonization and loss of skin barriers are more directly responsible for burn wound infections.

Choice D reason: The skin’s acidic pH, which inhibits bacterial growth, is compromised in burns due to tissue destruction. This loss of the protective acid mantle allows pathogens to invade more easily, increasing infection risk. This is a critical pathophysiological reason for burn wound susceptibility, per dermatological infection models.

Choice E reason: Loss of serum proteins in burns, due to exudative leakage, impairs humoral immunity, including complement and antibody function. This weakens systemic defenses against wound pathogens, increasing infection risk. Protein loss is a recognized factor in burn-related immunosuppression, contributing to the high incidence of wound infections.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: A furuncle is a painful abscess caused by Staphylococcus aureus infecting a hair follicle, leading to purulent, tender nodules. This bacterial etiology is the primary risk factor, as S. aureus colonizes skin and invades follicles, causing localized infection. This aligns with dermatological pathology for furuncle development.

Choice B reason: Insect or spider bites may cause secondary infections but are not the primary etiology of furuncles. Furuncles specifically result from S. aureus folliculitis. Bites cause different lesions, like cellulitis, making this incorrect for the typical pathological process leading to a furuncle’s formation.

Choice C reason: Inadequate blood supply may impair healing but does not directly cause furuncles. S. aureus infection of hair follicles is the primary etiology. Poor perfusion is a risk for chronic wounds, not acute folliculitis, making this incorrect for the pathological etiology of a furuncle.

Choice D reason: Sexual contact with an infected partner may transmit STDs but is unrelated to furuncles, which are caused by S. aureus skin infections. Furuncles are not sexually transmitted, making this incorrect, as the etiology is bacterial colonization of hair follicles, not interpersonal transmission.

A. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). B. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). C. High-density lipoprotein (HDL). D. Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: VLDL transports triglycerides to tissues but does not reduce atherosclerosis risk. Elevated VLDL contributes to plaque formation by increasing lipid deposition in arteries. HDL’s cholesterol-removing function is protective, making VLDL incorrect, as it lacks the anti-atherogenic properties associated with decreased cardiovascular disease risk.

Choice B reason: LDL, or “bad cholesterol,” promotes atherosclerosis by depositing cholesterol in arterial walls, forming plaques. High LDL levels increase cardiovascular risk, unlike HDL, which removes cholesterol. LDL is a primary driver of atherosclerosis, making it incorrect for a lipoprotein that decreases the risk of this condition.

Choice C reason: HDL, or “good cholesterol,” reduces atherosclerosis risk by transporting cholesterol from arteries to the liver for excretion, a process called reverse cholesterol transport. High HDL levels are protective, decreasing plaque formation. This aligns with evidence-based lipid management, making HDL the correct choice for lowering cardiovascular risk.

Choice D reason: IDL, a transitional lipoprotein between VLDL and LDL, contributes to atherosclerosis by delivering cholesterol to arteries. Unlike HDL, IDL does not have protective, cholesterol-removing properties. IDL’s role in lipid metabolism increases cardiovascular risk, making it incorrect for reducing atherosclerosis risk.

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The nurse is explaining to a client the reasons why a burn wound becomes infected. Which reason(s) should the nurse include? (Select all that apply)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is assessing a client’s skin and notices a raised nodule on the right forearm that is tender and filled with purulent secretions. The healthcare provider (HCP) diagnosed the abscess as a furuncle. Which pathological etiology places the client at risk for the development of a furuncle?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Which type of lipoprotein has been associated with decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with primary hypertension. Which pathophysiological mechanism does the nurse recognize as the cause of primary hypertension?

A nurse working in a burn unit cares for clients with complicated body system responses. Which response describes the body’s initial reaction to a severe burn injury?

A client who is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of primary diabetes insipidus (DI) asks the nurse if they will need insulin therapy. Which response should the nurse provide?

When developing a teaching plan for a client with peripheral artery disease (PAD), the nurse should explain that intermittent claudication occurs as the result of which underlying pathophysiology?

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with renal calculi. Which pathophysiologic change occurs as renal calculi move through the urinary tract?

A client with chronic gout reports pain in several joints and has tophi on the hands. The nurse develops a plan of care (POC) to manage the client’s gout based on which understanding of the underlying pathology of these manifestations?

Recognizing the role of the kidney in the production of erythropoietin, the nurse assesses a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for which clinical manifestation?

The nurse admits a client with sepsis that has developed cool ecchymotic fingertips and toes. The healthcare provider (HCP) determines that the client has developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which findings support the pathophysiology of DIC?