The nurse is obtaining a history on a patient with a diagnosis of bladder cancer. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in the patient's history?

Choice a reason: Chest congestion is not a sign of cystitis. Chest congestion is typically associated with respiratory conditions, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, and involves the buildup of mucus in the lungs. Cystitis affects the urinary bladder, not the respiratory system.
Choice b reason: Fever can sometimes accompany cystitis, especially if the infection is severe or has spread to the kidneys (pyelonephritis). However, it is not the most common symptom of cystitis. The primary signs and symptoms of cystitis are related to the urinary tract.
Choice c reason: Abdominal pain can be a symptom of cystitis, particularly pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic region. This pain is due to inflammation and irritation of the bladder lining. While it is a common symptom, it is not the definitive sign of cystitis.
Choice d reason: Increased urinary frequency is a hallmark sign of cystitis. Patients with cystitis often feel the need to urinate more frequently than usual, even if the bladder is not full. This symptom is due to the irritation and inflammation of the bladder, leading to a persistent urge to urinate. Other symptoms that typically accompany this include a burning sensation during urination and urgency.

Choice a reason: Dehydration is a significant risk factor for the formation of renal calculi (kidney stones). When the body is dehydrated, urine becomes concentrated with minerals and salts, which can crystallize and form stones. Ensuring adequate hydration is crucial in preventing kidney stone formation, as it helps to dilute the urine and flush out potential stone-forming substances.
Choice b reason: Protein in the urine, or proteinuria, is not a direct cause of kidney stones. Proteinuria can indicate underlying kidney disease or damage but is not typically linked to the formation of kidney stones. Monitoring protein levels in the urine is important for overall kidney health, but it is not a primary factor in stone formation.
Choice c reason: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of kidney stones. Obesity can lead to changes in the body's metabolism and increase the excretion of certain substances, such as calcium and oxalate, which can contribute to stone formation. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help reduce the risk of developing kidney stones.
Choice d reason: Iron deficiency is not a known risk factor for the formation of kidney stones. While maintaining adequate iron levels is important for overall health, it does not have a direct impact on the formation of renal calculi. Other dietary and metabolic factors play a more significant role in stone development.