The nurse is working with a client that is addicted to cocaine. The nurse understands that which of the following is a sign and symptom associated with cocaine intoxication?

Choice A reason: Vectors, like mosquitoes, biologically transmit pathogens, as in malaria. Blood here isn’t a living carrier but a medium containing potential agents, like hepatitis viruses, making it distinct from the active, intermediary role vectors play in disease spread epidemiologically and consistently.

Choice B reason: The agent in the epidemiological triangle is the pathogen causing disease, like viruses in blood. Here, blood contacting skin carries potential infectious agents, such as HIV, directly linking it to the causative factor in this exposure scenario biologically and accurately.

Choice C reason: Environment includes external factors, like contaminated surfaces, facilitating transmission. Blood is the direct pathogen source, not a setting or condition, distinguishing it as the agent itself rather than the broader context of exposure in this epidemiological model clearly.

Choice D reason: The host is the affected organism, here the nurse or patient, not the blood. Blood carries the agent, like bacteria, targeting the host’s susceptibility, separating it from the recipient role hosts play in disease dynamics distinctly and fundamentally here.

Choice A reason: True positives formula is sensitivity, not incidence. New cases fit, per epidemiology. This errors in purpose. It’s universally distinct.

Choice B reason: Adding old cases is prevalence; incidence uses new only. This misaligns with nursing standards. It’s universally distinct, wrong metric.

Choice C reason: True negatives assess specificity, not incidence rate. New cases are correct. This errors per epidemiology. It’s universally distinct.

Choice D reason: Incidence rate uses new cases over population, standard formula. This aligns with epidemiology standards. It’s universally applied, distinctly accurate.