The type of study that Dr. Chang is describing, in which he followed one group of individuals from infancy into early adulthood, is called a(n)

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study.

A. biological: Genes, brain maturation, and effects of exercise are biological/physiological processes that directly shape physical and neurological development.
B. socioemotional: Socioemotional processes involve emotions, social relationships, and personality development rather than inherited genes or physiological brain growth.
C. historical: Historical processes refer to cohort- or era-based influences (history-graded), not individual genetic or neurobiological factors.
D. cognitive: Cognitive processes relate to thinking and information processing; while brain development supports cognition, the listed items are primarily biological influences.

A. morality: This is a broad term for principles of right and wrong; it doesn’t specify Kohlberg’s level/stage about pursuing self-interest.
B. conventional morality: Conventional morality centers on social rules, conformity, and maintaining relationships or social order, not primarily on individual self-interest.
C. post conventional morality: Postconventional morality emphasizes abstract principles and social contracts/universal ethics, beyond simple self-interest.
D. pre-conventional morality: Preconventional morality (stage 2, individualism/exchange) describes behavior guided by self-interest where individuals pursue their own interests but recognize others may do the same.