Which of the following explanations do developmental evolutionary psychologists favor for an extended childhood period in human development?
During this time, a human's immune system reaches its full potential.
During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain the experience required to master the complexities of human society.
A long childhood period is a "left over" adaptation from the time when the human life span was considerably shorter than it is today.
Rebellion against authority is a necessary step in the evolutionary development of independent behavior.
The Correct Answer is B
A. During this time, a human's immune system reaches its full potential: Immune maturation occurs over childhood, but evolutionary accounts emphasize learning and brain development rather than immune maturation as the main reason for extended childhood.
B. During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain the experience required to master the complexities of human society: Developmental evolutionary psychologists favor this explanation: humans have large, slow-maturing brains and need an extended period to learn complex social, technological, and cultural skills.
C. A long childhood period is a "left over" adaptation from the time when the human life span was considerably shorter than it is today: This “spandrel” or vestigial explanation is not the favored evolutionary account; extended childhood is usually seen as adaptive for learning and brain growth.
D. Rebellion against authority is a necessary step in the evolutionary development of independent behavior: Rebellion may occur in adolescence but evolutionary psychology does not frame extended childhood primarily as producing rebellion; it emphasizes learning and skill acquisition.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. middle adulthood: Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation occurs in middle adulthood (concern with contributing to next generations vs. self-absorption).
B. young adulthood: Young adulthood is dominated by intimacy versus isolation, not generativity.
C. adolescence: Adolescence centers on identity versus role confusion, preceding generativity.
D. oldest old: The oldest old (late life) face integrity versus despair, the final Erikson stage, not generativity.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. higher and lower brain functions: Brain death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including higher cortical activity and brainstem (lower) functions; this “whole-brain” criterion is what most physicians use.
B. the heartbeat: Loss of the heartbeat is circulatory or cardiac death; with mechanical ventilation and support the heart can continue beating even when the brain has irreversibly ceased functioning, so this is not the defining feature of brain death.
C. the higher cortical functions of the brain: Loss of cortical function alone (e.g., no consciousness) may produce a persistent vegetative state, but brainstem functions can remain; that situation is not equivalent to whole-brain death.
D. lower brainstem functions: Loss of brainstem function (respiratory drive, brainstem reflexes) is critical and may define brainstem death in some places, but the widely used medical definition is cessation of all brain functions (both cortical and brainstem), so lower-brainstem cessation alone doesn’t capture the full standard.
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