Which of the following explanations do developmental evolutionary psychologists favor for an extended childhood period in human development?
During this time, a human's immune system reaches its full potential.
During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain the experience required to master the complexities of human society.
A long childhood period is a "left over" adaptation from the time when the human life span was considerably shorter than it is today.
Rebellion against authority is a necessary step in the evolutionary development of independent behavior.
The Correct Answer is B
A. During this time, a human's immune system reaches its full potential: Immune maturation occurs over childhood, but evolutionary accounts emphasize learning and brain development rather than immune maturation as the main reason for extended childhood.
B. During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain the experience required to master the complexities of human society: Developmental evolutionary psychologists favor this explanation: humans have large, slow-maturing brains and need an extended period to learn complex social, technological, and cultural skills.
C. A long childhood period is a "left over" adaptation from the time when the human life span was considerably shorter than it is today: This “spandrel” or vestigial explanation is not the favored evolutionary account; extended childhood is usually seen as adaptive for learning and brain growth.
D. Rebellion against authority is a necessary step in the evolutionary development of independent behavior: Rebellion may occur in adolescence but evolutionary psychology does not frame extended childhood primarily as producing rebellion; it emphasizes learning and skill acquisition.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge: Ignoring contradictory information is a biased response (not a formal cognitive process in Piaget’s terms) and does not describe accommodation.
B. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences: That describes assimilation (fitting new info into existing schemes), not accommodation.
C. try to balance conflicting information: Trying to achieve balance between assimilation and accommodation is closer to equilibration, not the definition of accommodation itself.
D. adjust old schemes to fit new information: Accommodation is precisely modifying existing cognitive schemas to incorporate new information or experiences.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. jumping: Jumping is a gross motor activity involving large muscles (legs); it is not an example of fine motor skill.
B. gymnastics: Gymnastics primarily uses gross motor skills (balance, strength, coordination) though it can include fine control; it’s not a prototypical fine motor task.
C. crab walking: Crab walking is a locomotor/gross motor activity using large muscle groups.
D. cutting with scissors: Cutting with scissors requires precise hand–finger coordination and is a classic fine motor skill.
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