What are risk factors for an individual to develop melanoma?

A. Hypertension is always linked to the Y chromosome and environmental factors:

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease, influenced by genetics and environment, but it is not linked specifically to the Y chromosome.

B. Turner's syndrome is a disorder in which a female has a completely or partially missing X chromosome:

Turner's syndrome (45, X) is a chromosomal disorder where females are missing all or part of one X chromosome, leading to various physical and developmental features.

C. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is caused by family history, behavior, and other factors:

While this is true, Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease, not a chromosomal alteration.

D. Y chromosome as hemophilia is associated with the X chromosome:

Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder, not Y-linked. It is passed through the X chromosome, typically affecting males.

A. They bind to infected cells and are activated by cytokines:

This describes cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ cells), which kill infected cells, not helper T cells.

B. They activate B cells and produce small cells called cytokines:

Helper T cells (CD4+ cells) stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and secrete cytokines to coordinate the immune response.

C. They destroy infected cells by producing proteins targeting cell membranes:

Again, this is the role of cytotoxic T cells, not helper T cells.

D. They are non-responsive during active infections:

Helper T cells are highly active during infections, directing other immune cells. They are not non-responsive.