What is the main difference between the Somogyi effect and the dawn phenomenon in patients with diabetes?
The Somogyi effect occurs due to nighttime hypoglycemia and counter regulatory hormones which increase blood glucose, while the dawn phenomenon occurs due to increased early morning cortisol and growth hormone not triggered by hypoglycemia
The Somogyi effect happens only in type 2 diabetes, while the dawn phenomenon happens only in type 1 diabetes
Both the Somogyi effect and the dawn phenomenon occur due to nighttime hyperglycemia
The Somogyi effect is caused by insufficient insulin at night, while the dawn phenomenon is caused by excessive nighttime insulin
The Correct Answer is A
A. The Somogyi effect results from an excessive insulin dose causing hypoglycemia overnight, triggering a rebound hyperglycemia via release of glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone. In contrast, the dawn phenomenon is a natural early morning rise in blood glucose due to circadian increases in cortisol and growth hormone without preceding hypoglycemia.
B. The Somogyi effect happens only in type 2 diabetes, while the dawn phenomenon happens only in type 1 diabetes: Both effects can occur in either type 1 or type 2 diabetes depending on insulin therapy and individual physiology.
C. Both the Somogyi effect and the dawn phenomenon occur due to nighttime hyperglycemia: The Somogyi effect starts with nighttime hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia, while the dawn phenomenon involves a gradual early morning rise in glucose levels.
D. The Somogyi effect is caused by insufficient insulin at night, while the dawn phenomenon is caused by excessive nighttime insulin: The Somogyi effect is caused by excessive insulin leading to hypoglycemia, not insufficient insulin. The dawn phenomenon is unrelated to nighttime insulin dosing and is caused by hormonal changes.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","D"]
Explanation
A. Traveling abroad recently: While international travel can expose individuals to infectious diseases, it is not the most concerning factor in this case compared to his communal living situation.
B. Living in a large, crowded communal setting: Crowded living conditions significantly increase the risk of meningitis transmission, especially for bacterial types like Neisseria meningitidis which spread via respiratory droplets.
C. An infection of the brain tissue, typically due to a virus or bacteria: This describes encephalitis, not meningitis. Meningitis affects the protective membranes, not the brain tissue itself.
D. An inflammation of the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord (meninges): This is the correct definition of meningitis and is the pathological hallmark of the disease.
E. Having an allergy to medications: Having an allergy to medications is important for safe patient care and medication administration, but it is not a risk factor for acquiring meningitis.
F. An inflammation of the lungs caused by a viral or bacterial infection: This describes pneumonia, not meningitis. It is unrelated to the direct cause of meningitis.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Proteus mirabilis: While Proteus mirabilis is a recognized cause of UTIs, especially in catheterized patients or those with structural abnormalities, it is not the most common pathogen overall.
B. Escherichia coli: E. coli is by far the most common pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections, accounting for approximately 80–90% of uncomplicated UTIs due to its ability to adhere to the uroepithelium with fimbriae.
C. Staphylococcus saprophyticus: This organism is a common cause of UTIs in sexually active young women, but overall it is much less prevalent than E. coli across all age groups and sexes.
D. Klebsiella pneumoniae: Although K. pneumoniae can cause UTIs, particularly in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients, it is not as frequently encountered as E. coli in community-acquired cases.
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