Which are the early (prodromal) clinical manifestations of hepatitis. (Select all that apply).
Itching
Vomiting
Fatigue
Jaundice
Hyperalgia (increased sensitivity to pain)
Correct Answer : B,C,E
A. Itching: Pruritus typically develops during the icteric phase of hepatitis when bilirubin accumulates in the tissues. It is not considered an early or prodromal symptom but occurs later as jaundice becomes evident.
B. Vomiting: Nausea and vomiting are common prodromal symptoms of hepatitis due to liver inflammation and its impact on digestion. These gastrointestinal symptoms often occur before jaundice or other late signs become apparent.
C. Fatigue: Fatigue is one of the most frequently reported early symptoms of hepatitis. It results from the body's immune response and reduced liver function and may begin days or weeks before jaundice or dark urine appears.
D. Jaundice: Jaundice typically marks the transition to the icteric phase of hepatitis and follows the prodromal phase. It appears as liver dysfunction progresses and bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream and tissues.
E. Hyperalgia (increased sensitivity to pain): Increased pain sensitivity, particularly in the upper right quadrant, can occur early in hepatitis due to liver inflammation. This symptom may accompany general malaise and precedes more visible signs like jaundice.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Atrophy of the remaining kidney: In cases of unilateral kidney loss, the remaining kidney typically does not atrophy but instead adapts to compensate for the lost function. Atrophy would be unlikely unless there is an underlying disease affecting the remaining kidney.
B. Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney: When one kidney is removed or nonfunctional, the remaining kidney often undergoes compensatory hypertrophy, increasing in size and function to handle the body's metabolic needs. This process helps maintain adequate renal function despite loss of one kidney.
C. Renal failure: While loss of one kidney reduces overall renal mass, a healthy remaining kidney usually compensates sufficiently to prevent renal failure. Renal failure is unlikely unless the remaining kidney has preexisting damage or disease.
D. Dysplasia in the remaining kidney: Dysplasia refers to abnormal development or growth of tissue, typically congenital. It is not an expected response to removal of the opposite kidney. The remaining kidney usually develops normally unless affected by a congenital abnormality.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Three: Up to three bowel movements per day is generally considered the upper limit of normal for stool frequency in adults. This range accommodates individual variation while distinguishing normal from diarrhea.
B. Five: Five stools per day exceed the typical upper limit and may indicate diarrhea or an underlying gastrointestinal disorder if persistent, rather than normal bowel habits.
C. Two: Two stools per day fall well within the normal range but do not represent the upper limit. Normal stool frequency can range from three times per day to three times per week.
D. Seven: Seven stools per day indicate frequent bowel movements consistent with diarrhea, which is above normal frequency and warrants further assessment for underlying causes.
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