What is the primary pathophysiology of glaucoma?

Blockage of the tear ducts causing excessive tearing.

Inflammation of the cornea resulting in blurry vision.

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to optic nerve damage.

Degeneration of the lens leading to cataracts.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) Blockage of the tear ducts causing excessive tearing:

Blockage of tear ducts (dacryostenosis) results in excessive tearing (epiphora) due to inadequate drainage of tears into the nasal cavity. It does not directly contribute to glaucoma, which primarily involves increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and optic nerve damage.

B) Inflammation of the cornea resulting in blurry vision:

Corneal inflammation (keratitis) can cause blurry vision, pain, and sensitivity to light, but it is not the primary pathophysiology of glaucoma. Glaucoma primarily involves damage to the optic nerve due to elevated IOP.

C) Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to optic nerve damage:

Glaucoma is characterized by elevated IOP, which puts pressure on the optic nerve and can lead to progressive damage and vision loss if untreated. This is the primary pathophysiological process in most types of glaucoma.

D) Degeneration of the lens leading to cataracts:

Cataracts involve the clouding of the lens of the eye, leading to visual impairment. While cataracts are a common condition in older adults, they are not directly related to the pathophysiology of glaucoma, which primarily involves elevated IOP and optic nerve damage.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) Dysphagia:

Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and is typically associated with conditions affecting the esophagus or neuromuscular function. While it can coexist with other symptoms, it does not directly explain hoarseness, fatigue, and weight gain as hypothyroidism does.

B) Gingivitis:

Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums due to plaque buildup. It primarily affects oral health, causing redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums. It is not associated with systemic symptoms like hoarseness, fatigue, or weight gain.

C) Aphthous ulcers:

Aphthous ulcers, also known as canker sores, are small, painful lesions that develop in the mouth. They are typically caused by stress, minor injury, or certain foods. These ulcers do not explain the systemic symptoms described by the client.

D) Hypothyroidism:

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms include hoarseness, fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and cold intolerance. The combination of these symptoms in the client's history makes hypothyroidism the most likely cause.

A. Stage I B. Stage III C. Stage IV D. Stage II

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Stage I: Stage I pressure ulcers are characterized by non-blanchable erythema of intact skin. There is no break in the skin, but it may appear red and warm to the touch. It is considered the mildest form of pressure injury, signaling the beginning of potential skin damage.

B) Stage III: Stage III pressure ulcers involve full-thickness skin loss. This means that the damage extends through the dermis into the subcutaneous tissue. There may be visible fat, but bone, tendon, and muscle are not exposed. These ulcers are deeper and more serious than the scenario described.

C) Stage IV: Stage IV pressure ulcers are the most severe and involve full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle. The presence of slough or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed, and these ulcers are deep, often with extensive damage and infection.

D) Stage II: Stage II pressure ulcers are characterized by partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and/or dermis. They present as shallow, open ulcers with a red-pink wound bed, without slough. They may also appear as intact or open/ruptured serum-filled blisters, which matches the description given in the scenario. This stage represents a more significant injury than Stage I but does not extend into the deeper layers of skin and tissue as in Stage III and IV.

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What is the primary pathophysiology of glaucoma?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A client describes a 3-week history of hoarseness. The client also reports feeling fatigue and noticeable weight gain over the past month. Which cause should the nurse consider as most likely?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The nurse notes a break in the skin, which appears blister-like, it looks superficial with loss up to the dermis layer. The nurse would interpret this finding as indicating which stage of pressure ulcer.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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