What is the single most dominant force in U.S. health care delivery?

Rationale:

A. 90%: This percentage is higher than the actual proportion of hospitals that are private nonprofit hospitals.

B. 100%: This option suggests that all hospitals are private nonprofit hospitals, which is not accurate.

C. 75%: According to Shi and Singh, approximately 75% of hospitals in the United States were private nonprofit hospitals in 2019.

D. 48%: This percentage is lower than the actual proportion of hospitals that are private nonprofit hospitals.

Rationale:

A. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): HMOs were promoted as an alternative to

traditional fee-for-service models and typically employ stringent utilization controls, such as requiring members to select a primary care physician (PCP) and obtain referrals for specialist care.

B. Medicare Advantage (Part C): Medicare Advantage plans, while offering alternatives to

traditional Medicare fee-for-service, may not necessarily employ the tightest utilization controls compared to HMOs.

C. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): PPOs offer more flexibility in choosing healthcare providers and typically have less stringent utilization controls compared to HMOs.

D. Point of Service (POS): POS plans combine elements of HMOs and PPOs, allowing members to choose between in-network and out-of-network care, but may not have as tight utilization controls as pure HMOs.