Which of the following is a force for future change in healthcare service delivery?

Rationale:

A. Health insurance companies: While health insurance companies play a significant role in healthcare financing and administration, they are not typically drivers of future change in healthcare service delivery.

B. Technological innovation: Technological advancements, such as telemedicine, artificial

intelligence, wearable devices, and precision medicine, are major forces shaping the future of healthcare service delivery by improving access, efficiency, and patient outcomes.

C. Lawyers: While legal factors may influence aspects of healthcare delivery, they are not typically considered primary forces for future change in service delivery.

D. Doctors and Nurses: While healthcare professionals are integral to the delivery of care, they are not drivers of systemic changes in healthcare service delivery.

Rationale:

A. Right to make an informed choice regarding medical treatment, including the right to refuse

treatment: Informed consent refers to the ethical and legal principle that ensures patients have the right to make informed decisions about their medical care, including the risks, benefits, and

alternatives to treatment. It requires healthcare providers to provide patients with relevant information to enable them to make decisions consistent with their preferences and values.

B. Allows a hospital to participate in Medicare and Medicaid: This option describes a hospital's eligibility to participate in government healthcare programs and is not related to informed consent.

C. Value-based care that needs to go beyond the assessment of safety and effectiveness: This option describes the concept of value-based care, which emphasizes improving patient outcomes and experiences while controlling costs. It is not directly related to informed consent.

D. Differences of opinion on what constitutes extraordinary or heroic measures to sustain a person's life: This describes ethical considerations in end-of-life care and is not specifically related to the concept of informed consent.