What manifestation occurs due to air trapping and overinflation of the lungs in a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Barrel chest
Cyanosis
Clubbed fingers
Lack of appetite
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: Air trapping in COPD, due to alveolar destruction and loss of elasticity, causes lung overinflation, increasing the anteroposterior chest diameter, resulting in a barrel chest. This is a direct consequence, making this the correct choice.
Choice B reason: Cyanosis occurs in COPD from hypoxia due to impaired gas exchange, not directly from air trapping. While common in advanced disease, it is not the primary manifestation of overinflation, making this incorrect.
Choice C reason: Clubbed fingers result from chronic hypoxia in COPD, not directly from air trapping. They develop over time due to tissue remodeling, not lung overinflation, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Lack of appetite is a systemic symptom in advanced COPD due to energy expenditure or hypoxia, not a direct result of air trapping or lung overinflation, making this choice incorrect.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis increases pressure in the portal vein, causing fluid leakage into the peritoneal cavity, leading to ascites. This occurs due to impaired liver function, reduced albumin, and increased hydrostatic pressure, making ascites a common manifestation and the correct choice.
Choice B reason: Hypoalbuminemia results from liver cirrhosis due to decreased hepatic protein synthesis but is not a direct manifestation of portal hypertension. It contributes to ascites by reducing oncotic pressure but is a separate consequence of liver dysfunction, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: Hypoglycemia is not typically caused by portal hypertension. Cirrhosis may impair glucose regulation due to reduced glycogen storage, but portal hypertension primarily affects vascular dynamics, leading to ascites or varices, not low blood sugar, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Hyperkalemia is not a direct result of portal hypertension. Cirrhosis may cause electrolyte imbalances indirectly, but portal hypertension primarily leads to fluid shifts and vascular complications like ascites, not potassium elevation, making this choice incorrect for the described condition.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Heart failure is a consequence of CAD, not a cause. It results from impaired cardiac function, often due to ischemia from CAD, but does not directly contribute to coronary artery plaque formation, making this incorrect.
Choice B reason: Pneumonia affects the lungs, causing infection and inflammation, not coronary arteries. It may increase cardiac demand, but it does not cause atherosclerosis or CAD, making this choice incorrect for CAD development.
Choice C reason: Low blood pressure does not cause CAD; it may result from cardiac issues. CAD is driven by atherosclerosis from risk factors like diabetes, not hypotension, making this choice incorrect for causing CAD.
Choice D reason: Diabetes causes CAD by promoting atherosclerosis through hyperglycemia, which damages endothelial cells, increases inflammation, and accelerates plaque formation in coronary arteries. This is a major risk factor, making this the correct choice.
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