What manifestation occurs due to air trapping and overinflation of the lungs in a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Barrel chest
Cyanosis
Clubbed fingers
Lack of appetite
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: Air trapping in COPD, due to alveolar destruction and loss of elasticity, causes lung overinflation, increasing the anteroposterior chest diameter, resulting in a barrel chest. This is a direct consequence, making this the correct choice.
Choice B reason: Cyanosis occurs in COPD from hypoxia due to impaired gas exchange, not directly from air trapping. While common in advanced disease, it is not the primary manifestation of overinflation, making this incorrect.
Choice C reason: Clubbed fingers result from chronic hypoxia in COPD, not directly from air trapping. They develop over time due to tissue remodeling, not lung overinflation, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Lack of appetite is a systemic symptom in advanced COPD due to energy expenditure or hypoxia, not a direct result of air trapping or lung overinflation, making this choice incorrect.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hyperthermia is not a primary sign of increased intracranial pressure. It may occur in brain injury due to hypothalamic dysfunction, but increased intracranial pressure directly causes neurological symptoms like confusion due to brain compression, making this incorrect.
Choice B reason: Confusion is a hallmark of increased intracranial pressure, as elevated pressure compresses brain tissue, impairing neuronal function and cognition. This disrupts normal brain signaling, leading to altered mental status, making this the correct manifestation.
Choice C reason: Hypotension is not typical; increased intracranial pressure often causes hypertension (Cushing’s reflex) to maintain cerebral perfusion. Low blood pressure does not align with the body’s compensatory response to brain compression, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Angina, chest pain from cardiac ischemia, is unrelated to increased intracranial pressure. Intracranial pressure affects brain function, causing neurological symptoms like confusion, not cardiac pain, making this choice incorrect for this condition.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test does not measure erythrocyte count. It reflects glucose binding to hemoglobin, indicating average blood glucose over months, not red cell quantity, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: HbA1c does not measure insulin production but reflects glucose levels bound to hemoglobin over 2-3 months. Insulin production is assessed by other tests, like C-peptide, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: HbA1c does not directly measure diabetes medication effectiveness but provides a long-term glucose control average. Medication efficacy is inferred indirectly, making this choice incorrect for the test’s primary purpose.
Choice D reason: The HbA1c test measures average blood glucose over 2-3 months by assessing glucose bound to hemoglobin in red cells, reflecting long-term glycemic control, making this the correct choice.
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