What are the manifestations of hyperglycemia? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: A vesicle is a small, elevated, thin-walled lesion filled with clear fluid, typically less than 1 cm, seen in conditions like herpes or contact dermatitis. This matches the description perfectly, making it the correct choice for the lesion.

Choice B reason: A pustule is an elevated lesion filled with pus, not clear fluid, indicating infection or inflammation. The description specifies clear fluid, not purulent content, making pustule incorrect for the described skin lesion.

Choice C reason: A macule is a flat, non-elevated skin lesion with color change, like a freckle, not containing fluid. The description of an elevated, fluid-filled lesion does not match, making macule incorrect for this scenario.

Choice D reason: A nodule is a solid, elevated lesion deeper in the skin, not thin-walled or fluid-filled. The description of a clear fluid-filled, elevated lesion does not fit a nodule’s characteristics, making this choice incorrect.

Choice A reason: Decreased hydrostatic pressure reduces fluid movement out of capillaries, favoring fluid return to the intravascular space. Low plasma proteins affect oncotic, not hydrostatic, pressure, causing fluid to leak into tissues, not return to vessels, making this incorrect.

Choice B reason: Increased hydrostatic pressure, as in heart failure, pushes fluid into the interstitial space. Low plasma proteins reduce oncotic pressure, not hydrostatic, leading to edema via a different mechanism, making this choice incorrect for the described scenario.

Choice C reason: Low plasma proteins, like albumin, decrease oncotic (osmotic) pressure, reducing the force pulling fluid into capillaries. This causes fluid to move from the intravascular to the interstitial space, leading to edema, making this the correct choice.

Choice D reason: Increased osmotic pressure would pull fluid into the intravascular space, as with high plasma protein levels. Low plasma proteins decrease oncotic pressure, causing fluid to leak into tissues, not return to vessels, making this choice incorrect.