What are the manifestations of hyperglycemia? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Stabilizing the wrist with an elastic wrap supports the injured ligaments, reducing movement and further damage. It promotes healing by maintaining alignment, making this a correct action for acute wrist sprain management.

Choice B reason: Applying a warm pack increases blood flow, which may worsen swelling in an acute sprain. Cold therapy is recommended to reduce inflammation and pain, making this choice incorrect for acute sprain management.

Choice C reason: Elevating the wrist above the heart reduces swelling by decreasing hydrostatic pressure, allowing fluid to drain from the injury site. This minimizes edema, making this a correct action for acute wrist sprain.

Choice D reason: Frequent massage may aggravate an acute sprain by increasing inflammation and pain. Rest and immobilization are preferred to promote healing, making this choice incorrect for acute wrist sprain management.

Choice E reason: Resting the wrist prevents further injury to damaged ligaments, allowing healing and reducing inflammation. Avoiding strain is critical in acute sprains, making this a correct action for wrist sprain recovery.

Choice A reason: Increased skin pigmentation is associated with Addison’s disease due to elevated ACTH stimulating melanocytes. Cushing syndrome, caused by excess cortisol, typically causes skin thinning and bruising, not hyperpigmentation. The excess cortisol does not directly affect melanin production, making this choice incorrect.

Choice B reason: Cushing syndrome leads to weight gain, not weight loss, due to cortisol’s promotion of fat deposition in central areas (e.g., abdomen, face). Increased appetite and altered metabolism contribute to obesity, not weight loss, making this choice incorrect as it contradicts the metabolic effects of hypercortisolism.

Choice C reason: Cushing syndrome often causes hypertension, not decreased blood pressure, due to cortisol’s mineralocorticoid effects, increasing sodium retention and vascular resistance. Decreased blood pressure is more associated with adrenal insufficiency, making this choice incorrect as it does not align with Cushing syndrome’s pathophysiology.

Choice D reason: Cushing syndrome, characterized by excess cortisol, suppresses the immune system by inhibiting inflammatory responses and reducing lymphocyte activity. This increases susceptibility to infections and impairs wound healing, making decreased immune response a hallmark complication, which is why this choice is correct.