When interviewing the mother of a 3-year-old child, the nurse asks about developmental milestones such as the age of walking without assistance. This should be considered because these milestones are:

A. Initiative vs. Guilt is the stage associated with preschool-aged children (approximately 3–6 years), where they begin to assert power and control through play and social interactions.
B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt; According to Erikson’s psychosocial stages, toddlers (ages 1–3 years) are in this stage, where they strive for independence and self-control. Successful navigation leads to a sense of autonomy; failure may result in feelings of shame and doubt.
C. Industry vs. Inferiority occurs during the school-age years (approximately 6–12 years) when children focus on developing skills and competence.
D. Trust vs. Mistrust is the stage for infants (birth to around 1 year), when they learn whether or not they can trust caregivers to meet their needs.

A. Improved inflammatory response is not a typical long-term consequence of pain. Chronic pain can actually exacerbate inflammation or disrupt normal immune responses.
B. Hyposensitivity to pain; Chronic pain often leads to hypersensitivity, where the nervous system becomes more sensitive to pain stimuli, not less.
C. Increased motor performance is unlikely. Chronic pain often reduces physical activity, coordination, and function due to discomfort and protective behaviors.
D. Decreased immune system function; Persistent or chronic pain can lead to stress responses that suppress immune system activity, making the body more susceptible to illness.