Which condition can cause coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Choice A reason: Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size due to increased workload, as seen in heart failure where cardiac myocytes enlarge to compensate for increased demand. This adaptation enhances pumping capacity initially but may lead to dysfunction, making this the correct choice for cardiac enlargement.

Choice B reason: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth and differentiation, often precancerous, typically in epithelial tissues. It is not a response to increased workload in the heart, which requires cell enlargement, not abnormal development, making this choice incorrect for heart failure adaptation.

Choice C reason: Neoplasia refers to uncontrolled cell growth forming tumors, benign or malignant, and is not a response to heart failure. Cardiac enlargement in heart failure results from adaptive hypertrophy, not tumor formation, making this choice incorrect for the described cellular adaptation.

Choice D reason: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one cell type with another, often due to chronic irritation (e.g., in smokers’ lungs). It does not occur in cardiac muscle under heart failure stress, which involves cell size increase, making this choice incorrect.

Choice A reason: Vasodilation in acute inflammation, triggered by mediators like histamine, increases blood flow to the affected area, delivering more oxygenated blood. This causes erythema (redness), a hallmark of inflammation, as hemoglobin concentration rises in tissues, making this the correct choice.

Choice B reason: Loss of function in inflammation results from tissue damage or swelling impairing normal activity, not directly from vasodilation. Vasodilation contributes to redness and warmth, not functional loss, making this choice incorrect for vasodilation’s effect.

Choice C reason: Pain in inflammation is caused by mediators like bradykinin and prostaglandins sensitizing nociceptors, not directly by vasodilation. While vasodilation supports inflammation, it does not directly cause pain, making this choice incorrect for the manifestation.

Choice D reason: Swelling (edema) in inflammation results from increased capillary permeability, allowing fluid leakage into tissues. Vasodilation increases blood flow but does not directly cause fluid extravasation, making this choice incorrect for vasodilation’s specific effect.