Which complication(s) may occur due to a spinal cord injury? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test does not measure erythrocyte count. It reflects glucose binding to hemoglobin, indicating average blood glucose over months, not red cell quantity, making this choice incorrect.

Choice B reason: HbA1c does not measure insulin production but reflects glucose levels bound to hemoglobin over 2-3 months. Insulin production is assessed by other tests, like C-peptide, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: HbA1c does not directly measure diabetes medication effectiveness but provides a long-term glucose control average. Medication efficacy is inferred indirectly, making this choice incorrect for the test’s primary purpose.

Choice D reason: The HbA1c test measures average blood glucose over 2-3 months by assessing glucose bound to hemoglobin in red cells, reflecting long-term glycemic control, making this the correct choice.

Choice A reason: Cell-mediated immunity, part of adaptive immunity, targets specific pathogens after exposure, not species-specific barriers. It is not the primary defense against cross-species transmission, making this choice incorrect for species-specific immunity.

Choice B reason: Natural immunity is a vague term, often meaning innate or acquired immunity. It is not specifically species-specific, as innate immunity provides the primary barrier to zoonotic diseases, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Acquired immunity develops after exposure or vaccination, targeting specific pathogens. It is not species-specific and does not primarily prevent animal-to-human disease spread, making this choice incorrect.

Choice D reason: Innate immunity, including species-specific barriers like skin and mucosal defenses, prevents pathogen transmission across species. These non-specific mechanisms reduce zoonotic disease risk, making this the correct choice for species-specific immunity.