What manifestation(s) occur when a person has diabetes insipidus? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Renal failure causes metabolic acidosis (low pH, low HCO3) due to impaired acid excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. The low PaCO2 indicates respiratory compensation (hyperventilation) to reduce acidity, matching renal failure’s acid-base profile, making this the correct choice.

Choice B reason: This shows respiratory acidosis (low pH, high PaCO2) with normal HCO3, suggesting lung dysfunction, not renal failure. Renal failure causes metabolic acidosis due to acid retention, not CO2 accumulation, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: This indicates respiratory alkalosis (high pH, low PaCO2) with low HCO3, suggesting hyperventilation, not renal failure. Renal failure leads to metabolic acidosis from acid accumulation, not respiratory changes, making this choice incorrect.

Choice D reason: This shows metabolic alkalosis (high pH, high HCO3), not typical of renal failure, which causes acidosis due to impaired acid excretion. The normal PaCO2 suggests no respiratory compensation, making this choice incorrect for renal failure.

A. Primary immunodeficiency involves a developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus, impairing immune system development. This aligns with the question, as primary immunodeficiencies, such as severe combined immunodeficiency or DiGeorge syndrome, result from genetic defects affecting lymphocyte development, crucial for meeting physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.

B. Secondary immunodeficiency results from external factors like infections or malnutrition, not developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus. This does not fit the question, as it lacks a congenital basis.

C. Autoimmune disorders arise from immune system dysfunction attacking self-tissues, not developmental failure in immune organs. This is unrelated to the question’s focus on developmental defects.

D. Infections are a consequence of primary immunodeficiency due to impaired T-cell or B-cell function, increasing susceptibility to recurrent bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. This fits the question, as immunodeficiency predisposes individuals to infections.

E. Allergies result from immune overreactions to harmless substances, not a direct consequence of developmental immune defects. This does not align with the question’s focus on immunodeficiency outcomes.

F. Autoimmune diseases involve immune attacks on self-tissues, not a primary outcome of developmental immune failure. This is incorrect for the question’s context.

G. Malignancies are a known complication of primary immunodeficiencies, as impaired immune surveillance increases cancer risk, particularly lymphomas or leukemias. This aligns with the question’s focus on outcomes of immunodeficiency.

H. Chronic pain is not a direct result of immunodeficiency or developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus. This does not fit the question’s scope.

I. Recurrent infections are a hallmark of primary immunodeficiency, as defective immune components fail to protect against pathogens. This aligns with the question, as it directly results from immune system developmental failure.