Which mode of transmission is associated with hepatitis A?

Choice A rationale:

The administration of the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) to exposed contacts is an appropriate intervention for suspected hepatitis D infection. Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B to replicate, so administering the hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis D infection in exposed contacts. HBIG contains antibodies against hepatitis B, which can provide temporary protection to exposed contacts.

Choice B rationale:

Advising the patient to avoid sexual contact or use condoms until cleared of infection is crucial in preventing the spread of hepatitis D. The virus can be transmitted through blood and sexual contact, so precautionary measures are essential.

Choice C rationale:

The availability and benefits of the hepatitis D vaccine for prevention should be communicated to the patient. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hepatitis D infection, and vaccination is the most effective preventive measure.

Choice D rationale:

Educating the patient about the need for regular monitoring of liver function and viral load is essential in managing hepatitis D. Hepatitis D can lead to severe liver complications, and monitoring liver function and viral load helps in evaluating disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

Choice E rationale:

Disinfecting contaminated surfaces or instruments with bleach or autoclave is not directly related to the care of a patient with suspected hepatitis D infection. Hepatitis D is primarily transmitted through blood and sexual contact, not through contaminated surfaces or instruments.

Choice A rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Chronic hepatitis is a condition where liver inflammation lasts for more than six months. If hepatitis lasts less than six months, it is referred to as acute hepatitis.

Choice B rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, specifically hepatitis B and C viruses. Non-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, like the norovirus, can cause acute gastroenteritis, but not chronic hepatitis.

Choice C rationale:

This statement is correct. Chronic hepatitis, particularly caused by hepatitis B and C viruses, can lead to serious complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. It is essential to manage chronic hepatitis carefully to prevent these severe outcomes.

Choice D rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Chronic hepatitis is not primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through contaminated food or water and primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route. Hepatitis B and C viruses are commonly transmitted through blood contact, sexual contact, and from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.