Which of the following factors can have a positive influence on an individual's self-concept?

Choice A reason: This is not an example of cephalocaudal growth. Growth progressing from inward to outward is an example of proximodistal growth, which is the pattern of growth that occurs from the center of the body to the extremities. For example, infants can control their trunk muscles before their fingers.

Choice B reason: This is the best answer. Growth progressing from the top downward is an example of cephalocaudal growth, which is the pattern of growth that occurs from the head to the feet. For example, infants can lift their head before they can walk.

Choice C reason: This is not an example of cephalocaudal growth. The simple to complex principle is the principle of development that states that skills and abilities become more sophisticated and refined over time. For example, infants can babble before they can talk.

Choice D reason: This is not an example of cephalocaudal growth. The general to specific principle is the principle of development that states that skills and abilities become more differentiated and specialized over time. For example, infants can grasp objects before they can write.

Choice A reason: This is not the correct answer. Older adults are the age group from 65 years and older. They are more likely to experience alterations in health due to aging, chronic diseases, cognitive decline, or social isolation. However, they are less likely to have substance use disorders, periodontal disease, or infertility, which are more common in younger age groups.

Choice B reason: This is the best answer. Young adults are the age group from 18 to 39 years old. They are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, or using drugs, which can lead to substance use disorders. Substance use disorders can affect the physical, mental, and social health of young adults, and increase the risk of accidents, injuries, infections, or overdoses. Young adults are also more likely to have poor oral hygiene, which can cause periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is an inflammation and infection of the gums and teeth, which can lead to tooth loss, pain, or bad breath. Young adults are also more likely to have infertility, which is the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term. Infertility can be caused by various factors, such as hormonal imbalances, genetic disorders, infections, or environmental exposures. Infertility can affect the emotional, psychological, and relational health of young adults, and cause stress, depression, or low self-esteem.

Choice C reason: This is not the correct answer. Adolescents are the age group from 12 to 18 years old. They are more likely to experience alterations in health due to puberty, growth spurts, or hormonal changes. They may also face challenges such as peer pressure, bullying, or academic stress. However, they are less likely to have substance use disorders, periodontal disease, or infertility, which are more prevalent in older age groups.

Choice D reason: This is not the correct answer. Middle adults are the age group from 40 to 64 years old. They are more likely to experience alterations in health due to menopause, andropause, or age-related changes. They may also face issues such as work-life balance, career transitions, or family responsibilities. However, they are less likely to have substance use disorders, periodontal disease, or infertility, which are more common in younger age groups.