Which of the following factors can have a positive influence on an individual's self-concept?

Choice A reason: This is not a finding that the nurse will anticipate. Closed fontanels are the absence of soft spots on the skull where the bones have not yet fused together. They are abnormal and unexpected in newborn infants, as they indicate a premature closure of the skull bones, which can affect the brain development and growth. The nurse should assess the presence, size, shape, and tension of the fontanels, and report any abnormalities to the physician.

Choice B reason: This is the best answer. Lanugo is a fine, soft hair that covers the body of the fetus in the womb. It helps to keep the fetus warm and hold the vernix caseosa on the skin. Lanugo is normal and expected in newborn infants, especially those born before 40 weeks of gestation. The nurse should observe the amount and distribution of lanugo, and expect it to be shed within the first few weeks of life.

Choice C reason: This is not a finding that the nurse will anticipate. Fine motor control is the ability to coordinate the movements of the small muscles of the hands and fingers. It is not well developed in newborn infants, as they have not yet acquired the skills and coordination to manipulate objects or perform complex tasks. The nurse should assess the grasp reflex and the spontaneous movements of the hands and fingers, and expect them to improve over time.

Choice D reason: This is not a finding that the nurse will anticipate. Six to eight teeth are the number of teeth that usually erupt in infants between 6 and 12 months of age. They are not present in newborn infants, as they have not yet developed the teeth buds or the ability to chew solid foods. The nurse should inspect the gums and the oral cavity, and educate the parents on the oral hygiene and feeding practices for infants.

Choice A reason: This is the best answer. Proximodistal is the pattern of development that occurs from the center of the body to the extremities. It means that the parts of the body that are closer to the trunk develop before the parts that are farther away. For example, infants can control their arms before their hands, and their hands before their fingers.

Choice B reason: This is not the correct answer. Cephalocaudal is the pattern of development that occurs from the head to the feet. It means that the parts of the body that are higher up develop before the parts that are lower down. For example, infants can lift their head before they can walk.

Choice C reason: This is not the correct answer. Simple to Complex is the principle of development that states that skills and abilities become more sophisticated and refined over time. It means that the tasks that are easier and more basic are mastered before the tasks that are harder and more advanced. For example, infants can babble before they can talk.

Choice D reason: This is not the correct answer. Continuous Process is the concept of development that states that growth and change are gradual and ongoing throughout the lifespan. It means that there are no sudden or discrete stages or phases of development, but rather a smooth and steady progression. For example, infants do not suddenly become toddlers, but rather develop new skills and characteristics gradually.